The prevailing paradigm of medieval manufacturing presumes guilds monopolized markets for durable goods in late-medieval England. The sources of the monopolies are said to have been the charters of towns, charters of guilds, parliamentary statutes, and judicial precedents. This essay examines those sources, demonstrates they did not give guilds legal monopolies in the modern sense of the word, ...

There are two reasons why medieval logic is of interest to modern logician: One is to see how similar it is to modern logic and the other is to see how different it is. We study three 13th-century works on modal logic and give two examples their views of modal logic differ from modern views of the same: the nature of modality and the truth conditions for modal sentences. Because of the differen...

The medical writings of early medieval western Europe c. 700 – c. 1000 have often been derided for their disorganised appearance, poor Latin, nebulous conceptual framework, admixtures of magic and folklore, and general lack of those positive features that historians attribute to ancient or later medieval medicine. This paper attempts to rescue the period from its negative image. It examines a n...

This paper deals with several lexicographic problems arising from the choice of hypernyms in the Dictionary of Medieval Scientific French (Créalscience database). The generic names used by medieval scholars indicate categorizations which differ from modern classifications. We examine some cases selected from the medieval domain of natural sciences where we can notice a conceptual discrepancy be...

Analysing “Celtic” chariots by using Iron Age archaeological material and Early Medieval Irish texts might seem to be more than just one step too far in breaking down boundaries. Considering the huge chronological and geographical gaps between the sources, the objections raised against the concept of “Celticity” by Celtosceptics, and the antinativist school of thought in Irish literature, such ...

AIM To analyze and compare the demographic profiles and disease frequencies of early (6th-9th century) and late (10th-13th century) medieval skeletal series from continental Croatia. METHODS Age and sex distributions in three early (n=277) and six late (n=175) medieval skeletal series were compared. All skeletons were analyzed for the presence of dental enamel hypoplasia, periostitis, trauma,...

OBJECTIVES This study provides the first large scale analysis of the age at which adolescents in medieval England entered and completed the pubertal growth spurt. This new method has implications for expanding our knowledge of adolescent maturation across different time periods and regions. METHODS In total, 994 adolescent skeletons (10-25 years) from four urban sites in medieval England (AD ...

AIM To compare the population group from the Šopot graveyard with population groups from traditional Croatian medieval graveyards by using anthropological, craniometrics, and mitochondrial (mtDNA) analysis and to examine if the cultural differences between population groups reflect biological differences. METHODS We determined sex, age at death, pathological, and traumatic changes of skeletal...

Italian soldiers carrying their skis marching up snow-covered mountain trails. Some of the most ferocious mountain warfare to date occurred during World War I between Italian and Austrian armies, far outstripping mountain battles in other wars. This photograph was taken in April, when the snow had been softened by the warmer rays of the sun and the path made almost impassable by the slush. The ...

According to the editors, the Collins COBUILD grammar patterns 2: Nouns and adjectives (henceforth 'Patterns 2'), the companion volume to the Collins COBUILD grammar patterns 1: Verbs, 'presents all the patterns of English nouns and adjectives, and relates these patterns to meaning' (p vii). A noun or adjective pattern consists of the noun or adjective, together with the typical or significant ...