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Episodic memory or the ability to store context-rich information about everyday events depends on the hippocampal formation (entorhinal cortex, subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum, hippocampus proper, and dentate gyrus). A substantial amount of behavioral-lesion and anatomical studies have contributed to our understanding of the organization of how visual stimuli are retained in episodic mem...

Genetic studies in Drosophila have revealed two separable long-term memory pathways defined as anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-lasting long-term memory (LLTM). ARM is disrupted in radish (rsh) mutants, whereas LLTM requires CREB-dependent protein synthesis. Although the downstream effectors of ARM and LLTM are distinct, pathways leading to these forms of memory may share the cAMP cas...

A functional memory T cell pool is critical for resistance to pathogen reinfection. Lymphopenia produces memory-like CD8(+) T cells through homeostatic proliferation, and such "HP-memory" cells can control lethal bacterial infections similarly to conventional, antigen-experienced, memory T cells. These 2 pathways for memory T cell generation are quite distinct. We show here, however, that simil...

introduction: previous studies have demonstrated that the &beta-adrenergic; receptor antagonist propranolol impairs fear memory reconsolidation in experimental animals. there are experimental parameters such as the age and the strength of memory that can interact with pharmacological manipulations of memory reconsolidation. in this study, we investigated the ability of the age and the strength ...