Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA (mRNA). In most cases, this depends on recognition of a modified nucleotide cap on the 5' end of the mRNA. However, an alternate pathway uses a structured RNA element in the 5' untranslated region of the messenger or viral RNA called an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Here,...

$\ensuremath{-}1$ programmed ribosomal frameshifting ($\ensuremath{-}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{PRF}$) is stimulated by structures in messenger RNA (mRNA), but the factors determining $\ensuremath{-}1\text{ }\mathrm{PRF}$ efficiency are unclear. We show that varies directly with conformational heterogeneity of stimulatory structure, quantified as Shannon entropy state occupancy, for a panel effic...

Carriers for messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery require propensities to protect the mRNA from enzymatic degradation and selectively release in cytosol smooth translation. To meet these requirements, we designed mRNA-loaded polyplex micelles (PMs) with ATP-responsive crosslinking inner core by complexing poly(ethylene glycol)-polycation block copolymers derivatized phenylboronic acid polyol groups, w...

Cas13a has been used to target RNA viruses in cell culture, but efficacy not demonstrated animal models. In this study, we messenger (mRNA)-encoded for mitigating influenza virus A and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection mice hamsters, respectively. We designed CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) specific PB1 highly conserved regions of PB2 virus, against the replicase nucle...

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains one of the largest global health crises last century. Fortunately, COVID-19 vaccines have proven to be most promising options in halting progression pandemic. As more and people receive vaccines, medical community has learned a great deal about their efficacy occurrence very rare adverse effects. While number thromboembolic events post-ad...

Trypanosomes use RNA editing to produce most functional mitochondrial messenger RNA. Precise insertion and deletion of hundreds of uridines is necessary to make full-length cytochrome c oxidase III (COXIII) mRNA. We show that COXIII mRNA can be alternatively edited by a mechanism using an alternative guide RNA to make a stable mRNA. This alternatively edited mRNA is translated to produce a uniq...

Ribonucleoprotein complexes involved in pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA decay are often regulated by phosphorylation of RNA-binding proteins. Cells use phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways to turn on and off gene expression. Not much is known about how phosphorylation-dependent signals transmitted by exogenous factors or cell cycle checkpoints regulate RNA-mediated gene expression at the ato...

Messenger RNA (mRNA) turnover that determines the lifetime of cytoplasmic mRNAs is a means to control gene expression under both normal and stress conditions, whereas its impact on ageing and age-related disorders has just become evident. Gene expression control is achieved at the level of the mRNA clearance as well as mRNA stability and accessibility to other molecules. All these processes are...

A simple kinetic model for mRNA splicing predicts the way in which in vivo steady state precursor RNA levels (P) and messenger RNA levels (M) vary as a function of the rate constant of the splicing reaction (ksp). The model points to M/P as the best measure of ksp. The analysis of a set of intron mutations in a yeast gene supports the general features of the model and shows that the splicing ef...

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy, can lead to severe arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The mechanism underlying hypertrophy in HCM has not been fully elucidated. We recently showed that the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcriptome derived from myectomy tissue is gene expression reprogramming predominant transcriptional down-regulation of ...