glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration have been shown as pathophysiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (ms) and other autoimmune inflammatory cns disorders. n‑methyl‑d‑aspartate (nmda) receptors play a pivotal role in the mediation of neuronal glutamate excitotoxicity leading to cellular damage and apoptotic cell death. current treatment approaches targeting glutamate exc...

Abstract Microglia are the immune cells in central nervous system surveying environment and reacting to various injuries. Activated microglia may cause impaired synaptic plasticity, therefore modulating restoring them neutral phenotype is crucial counteract a pro-inflammatory, neurotoxic state. In this study, we focused on elucidating whether human umbilical cord (UC) -derived mesenchymal strom...

Microglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to primary innate immune responses. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. The majority of microglial studies have focused on the ramified or amoeboid morphology; however, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia have recently received much attention. Bipolar/rod-shaped microglia form...

Glial cells form a network in the central nervous system to support neurons and interact with them. The glia consist essentially of astrocytes that help with the nutrition of neurons and react in some cases of injury, oligodendrocytes that produce myelin, and microglia that are derived from the haemopoietic system and are concerned with the immunological defense of the nervous system. Experimen...

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered the major cell types of the nervous system, microglia play a significant role in normal brain physiology by monitoring tissue for debris and pathogens and maintaining homeostasis in the parenchyma via phagocytic activity. Microglia are activated during a n...

Microglia are CNS resident macrophages, and they play important roles in neural development and function. Recent studies have suggested that murine microglia arise from a single source, the yolk sac (YS), yet these studies lack spatial resolution to define the bona fide source(s) for microglia. Here, using light-induced high temporal-spatial resolution fate mapping, we challenge this single-sou...

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key regulator of myeloid lineage cells. Genetic loss of the CSF1R blocks the normal population of resident microglia in the brain that originates from the yolk sac during early development. However, the role of CSF1R signaling in microglial homeostasis in the adult brain is largely unknown. To this end, we tested the effects of selective CSF...

Migraine is a disorder that afflicts nearly one tenth of the population. Involving both nervous and vascular system, it has been found as a prominent factor of disability. The migraine attacks may be initiated in the brainstem or may begin peripherally in the meninges while the role of cortical activation preceding an attack is also debated. Although available treatments, more studies on migrai...

Background: Hemin is an important sterile component that induces a neuroinflammatory response after intracerebral hemorrhage, in which NLRP3 inflammasome activation has also proved to be involved. Although microglial activation acts as a key contributor in the neuroinflammatory response, the relationship between hemin and NLRP3 in microglia remains poorly understood. Objective: To investigate w...

BACKGROUND Myeloid cells have been associated with physiological and pathological angiogenesis, but their exact functions in these processes remain poorly defined. Monocyte-derived tissue macrophages of the CNS, or microglial cells, invade the mammalian retina before it becomes vascularized. Recent studies correlate the presence of microglia in the developing CNS with vascular network formation...