Some methods for examining the additivity of sweeteners, and their synergy in mixtures depend upon setting component concentrations on the basis of sweetness equivalence, usually to a sucrose reference. These methods may under- or over-predict the sweetness of a mixture, leading to spurious claims of synergy or mixture suppression. This paper points out one problem with one such popular method,...

The distribution of ethyl esters, triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides and glycerol between the ester and glycerol phase was investigated after the ethanolysis of rapeseed oil at various reaction conditions. The determination of these substances in the ester and glycerol phases was carried out by the GC method. The amount of ethyl esters in the glycerol phase was unexpectedly high and th...

biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which can use instead of chemical fertilizer in sustainable crop production. the effects of phosphate solubilizing bacteria; root endophytic fungi (ef) piriformospora indica, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus mosseae on growth and nutrient uptake of sunflower plants grown in mixture with two clover species, persian c...

A conventional liner with a good performance against inorganic contaminants with a minimal hydraulic conductivity does not usually perform well for retention/removal of leachates containing organic contaminants. Organic modification of clay can render the naturally organophobic clay to be organophilic. Incorporation of modified organo clay along with unmodified inorganic clay in liner systems c...

Prediction methods to evaluate liquid dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity along the saturation line are presented in this paper for pure and mixed refrigerants. The thermal conductivity correlation presented here is an extension to the new refrigerants of an equation previously proposed by one of the authors. The viscosity correlation has been improved upon a previous version in order to...

Catalytic tests These tests rely on the fact that haem can catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. As the H2O2 breaks down, another substance in the reaction mixture is oxidised, producing a colour change. It is important to note that a positive test does not mean that a given stain is blood, let alone that it is human blood, as various enzymes and certain metals can also give positive res...

Two rare cases of carpal tunnel syndrome caused by calcification in the carpal tunnel are reported. One case involved a tumorous calcification consisting of basic calcium phosphate, and the other involved a diffuse calcification consisting of a mixture of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate. These cases suggest that the shape of carpal tunnel calcifications is influenced...

A bleomycin mixture which contained A2 as the main component and B2 as the second component was tritiated. The 3H-bleomycin thus prepared was subcutaneously injected to mice and the distribution of the bleomycin among organs of mice was determined. The results indicated a high concentration in skin and peritoneum. The concentrations determined by radioactivity were higher than those determined ...

Production of clostridial vaccines involves growing the organism (clostridial bacteria) in a growth medium to produce large amounts of toxins, and altering the toxins so that they are no longer toxic, toxoids. These toxoids become antigens which the immune system recognises and hence produces antibodies to act against genuine toxins. After cultivation the live bacteria in the culture must be de...