A civilization constitutes a durable social system of complementary traits. Some of the complementarities of any given civilization are between elements of “material” life and ones commonly treated as integral to “culture.” Identifying the mechanisms responsible for a civilization’s observed trajectory involves, therefore, causal relationships that cross the often-postulated “cultural–material”...

all of religions free towards society in Kazakhstan. Considering that Islam is more widespread religion in the region, Islamic industry is developing sector of Economy. There are some new sectors of Halal (Islamic) industry, which have importance for state developing on the whole. One of the youngest sectors of Halal industry is Islamic tourism, which became an object of disputes and led to dil...

amulet prayers or the so called “ad'iyatul-hirz,” are a genre of islamic liturgical literature, prevailing among all muslims, especially in shiite culture. it is of importance to study these texts, whether in order to formulate the history of islamic liturgies, or to perceive the development of islamic culture and civilization, or to achieve a meaning tool for dating muslim traditions. as ...