The genetic variation and population structure of narrow-clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) was examined by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of mitochondrial DNA. A total of 194 adult specimens were collected from seven sample sites including, two in the south Caspian Sea and one each...

Background Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) are considered as one of the underlying causes of male infertility. Proper sperm chromatin packaging which involves replacement of histones with protamines has profound effect on male fertility. Over 20 SNPs have been reported for the protamine 1 and 2. MaterialsAndMethods The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of two previously repo...

interleukin-8 (il-8) is a well-known inflammatory chemokine and suggested to be involved in the development of acne vulgaris. this study investigates il-8 plasma levels in acne patients and healthy controls and the molecular basis for the regulation of the il-8 gene in a pakistani population.patients with acne vulgaris (n=264) and healthy individuals (n=264) were enrolled in this investigation....

Background: Dicrocoelium dendriticum, a liver trematode of herbivores, and man is very prevalent among ruminants of Iran, resulting in causing significant economic losses. Recently its phenotype polymorphism has been found in Iran, a phenomenon that may affect the protein profile of the parasite. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the somatic protein profiles of D.dendriticum in...

Rice, (Oryza sativa L. 2n=24) belongs to the family Gramineae and subfamily Oryzoideae. Oryza has two cultivated species: glaberrima. Breeding for good-quality traits requires selection of parents with a wider genetic diversity. Molecular markers are used in molecular biology biotechnology identify sequence DNA. have played an increasing role rice breeding cultivar improvement, screening, selec...