As algorithms are increasingly applied to screen applicants for high-stakes decisions in employment, lending, and other domains, concerns have been raised about the effects of algorithmic monoculture, which many decision-makers all rely on same algorithm. This concern invokes analogies agriculture, where a monocultural system runs risk severe harm from unexpected shocks. Here we show that dange...

Previously we assessed the inductive response of prototypical inducers in hepatocyte monocultures and the long-term coculture model HepatoPac using cryopreserved hepatocytes from the same donors. We noted that the rifampicin EC50 generated using the HepatoPac model corresponded better to the EC50 based on clinical data compared with data generated in the monoculture system. We postulated that t...

Individual plant species or genotypes often differ in their demand for nutrients; to compete in a community they must be able to acquire more nutrients (i.e., uptake efficiency) and/or use them more efficiently for biomass production than their competitors. These two mechanisms are often complementary, as there are inherent trade-offs between them. In a mixed-stand, species with contrasting nut...

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY ........................................................ 393 I. BACKGROUND .......................................................................... 395 A. Network Effects and Related Phenomena ............................... 395 1. Network Effects ............................................................ 395 2. Indirect Network Effects ................................

in order to evaluate the effect of intercropping with replacement and additive series for hemp (cannabis sativa l.) and sesame (sesamum indicum l.), a field experiment was conducted during growing season 2006-07 at the agricultural research station of ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran. a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. treatments included different combinat...

the objective of this study was to compare growth performance and feed conversion ratios of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) juveniles in monoculture and duo-culture in freshwater and seawater under aquarium conditions. the fish were about 2-months old hatchery-reared brook and rainbow trout with initial weights of 0.934±0.033 (n=360) and 1.014±0.019 (...

The software monoculture favors attackers over defenders, since it makes all target environments appear similar. Code-reuse attacks, for example, rely on target hosts running identical software. Attackers use this assumption to their advantage by automating parts of creating an attack. This article presents large-scale automated software diversification as a means to shore up this vulnerability...