Translating the precise monomer sequence control achieved in nature over macromolecular structure (for example, DNA) to whole synthetic systems has been limited due to the lack of efficient synthetic methodologies. So far, chemists have only been able to synthesize monomer sequence-controlled macromolecules by means of complex, time-consuming and iterative chemical strategies such as solid-stat...

Cytoplasmic dynein is a multisubunit ATPase that transforms chemical energy into motion along microtubules. LC8, a 10 kDa light chain subunit of the dynein complex, is highly conserved with 94% sequence identity between Drosophila and human. The precise function of this protein is unknown, but its ubiquitous expression and conservation suggest a critical role in the function of the dynein motor...

In view of the recent studies on the CDCs, a reasonable schematic of the stages leading to membrane insertion of the CDCs can be assembled. As shown in Fig. 3, we propose that the CDC first binds to the membrane as a monomer. These monomers then diffuse laterally on the membrane surface to encounter other monomers or incomplete oligomeric complexes. Presumably, once the requisite oligomer size ...

The consequences of the combined effects of fibrin II monomer (FnIIm) and heparin (H) on the hydrolysis of peptidyl p-nitroanilide substrates by thrombin (IIa), the cleavage of prothrombin by thrombin and the thrombin-catalyzed release of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen have been studied at pH 7.4 and I 0.15. The effects of fibrin II monomer and heparin on chromogenic substrate hydrolysis can b...

Photoreduction and interconversion processes of different protochlorophyllide complexes were studied in epicotyl segments of dark-germinated pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings illuminated with low-intensity white or 632.8 nm laser light. Analyses of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra showed the direct phototransformation of the monomer, 636 nm emitting complex. The 629 nm emitting complex contain...

Repeated, high-dose methamphetamine (METH) administrations cause persistent dopaminergic deficits in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. In rats, this treatment also causes the formation of high-molecular mass (greater than approximately 120 kDa) dopamine transporter (DAT)-associated complexes, the loss of DAT monomer immunoreactivity, and a decrease in DAT function, as assessed in striatal...

A novel biomass composite inspired from wood porous structure was manufactured by impregnating vinyl monomer into wood cellular structure under vacuum conditions, and initiating the monomer for in situ polymerization through a thermal treatment. The vacuum condition was studied, and the mechanical properties of the composite were also tested. SEM observation shows that polymer generated in the ...

Origins of life hypotheses often invoke a transitional phase of nonenzymatic template-directed RNA replication prior to the emergence of ribozyme-catalyzed copying of genetic information. Here, using NMR and ITC, we interrogate the binding affinity of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) for primer-template complexes when either another GMP, or a helper oligonucleotide, can bind downstream. Binding...

Actin related protein 2/actin related protein 3 (Arp2/3) complex nucleates new actin filaments in eukaryotic cells in response to signals from proteins in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family. The conserved VCA domain of WASP proteins activates Arp2/3 complex by inducing conformational changes and delivering the first actin monomer of the daughter filament. Previous models of acti...

One of the most significant tasks for proteomic research and industrial applications, is the preparation of recyclable enzyme reactor. Herein, a novel recyclable enzyme reactor has been developed based on monodispersed spherical poly(quaternary ammonium ionic liquid)s particles immobilized trypsin. A new quaternary ammonium ionic liquids functional monomer was first synthesized. The ionic l...