Background and aims: Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the ninth cancer in terms of incidence in both sexes in the world. Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer among men in Iran. The most important risk factors which attribute to the incidence of bladder cancer are tobacco usage, exposure to industrial materials, and chronic infection by Schistsoma. This...

abstract background: candidemia is the main cause of fungal nosocomial bloodstream infections and is related to meaningful mortality specially, in pediatrics. mortality rate range from 5% to 71%, and it can reach as high as 81%. delays in beginning of treatment have also been linked to intensified mortality. the epidemiology of candida infection is changing from region to region. regional surve...

UNLABELLED The overall picture of health in sub-Saharan Africa can easily be painted in dark colours. The aim of this viewpoint is to discuss epidemiological data from Tanzania on overall health indicators and the burden of malaria and HIV. Is the situation in Tanzania improving or deteriorating? Are the health-related millennium development goals (MDG) on reducing under-five mortality, reducin...

Background: Drug abuse is a severe and chronic disorder that leaves morbidity, disability and premature mortality in the society. The study of death due to substance abuse provides useful information for local, national and international administrators. Thus, by identifying the factors that have an impact on overdose-related mortality we can provide suitable intervention for vulnerable groups. ...

With progressive reduction in infant mortality rate (IMR) and advent of technology, socio – demographic determinants assume more importance (than biological), more so in remote and inaccessible areas, which incidentally also record high IMR. Study was carried out in a tribal block of South Gujarat to generate sociodemographic profile for 48 infant deaths reported during one year. Data was colle...

This ecological analysis addresses the association between income inequality and health status in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data were analyzed using geo-processing and multiple regression techniques. The following health indicators were used: infant mortality rate; standardized mortality rate; life expectancy at birth; and homicide rate among 15-29-year-old males. Patterns of income i...

OBJECTIVES The fall of the Wall in 1989 can be seen as a natural experiment in the epidemiological sense to further examine the relation between democracy and health. DESIGN AND SETTING Ecological study in the 23 post-communist countries, during the last decade of the 20th century, exploring the relations between the level of democratisation and health, taking into account as relevant confoun...

Sir Dugald Baird sketches the history of abortion legislation in Great Britain from the beginning of the century. In his views the 1967 Abortion Act has been one of the most important and beneficial pieces of social legislation enacted in Britain in the last 100 years. It has, however, brought problems both of administration in the hospitals and to individual doctors and nurses, particularly wh...