Mitochondrial dysfunction mainly affects organs with high metabolic demand, primarily the brain. Epilepsy is a common phenotypic sign of both syndromic and non-syndromic mitochondrial diseases. in diseases poorly treatable often an unfavorable prognostic sign. Patients epilepsy are prescribed various anti-seizure medications. Mitochondriotoxic drugs should be avoided. Descriptions MELAS-syndrom...

BACKGROUND Narcolepsy with cataplexy is associated with a loss of orexin/hypocretin. It is speculated that an autoimmune process kills the orexin-producing neurons, but these cells may survive yet fail to produce orexin. OBJECTIVE To examine whether other markers of the orexin neurons are lost in narcolepsy with cataplexy. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to ex...

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differentiation in target cells at neuron–neuron syn-and indicates that neither activity nor the previous exis-apses. However, the postsynaptic markers used in this tence of NMDA receptors at a synapse is necessary study, although good indicators of postsynaptic differ-for insertion of GluR1-containing AMPA receptors into entiation, may not be the earliest postsynaptic mole-synapses. cules to c...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: CPEO: Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia; KSS: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome; MELAS: Mitochondrial Encephalopathy Lactic Acidosis Stroke-like Episodes; NARP: Neuropathy Ataxia Retinitis Pigmentosa; LHON: Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy; MERRF: Myoclonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fibers; iPSC: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; FIAU: ...

Escherichia coli possesses two distinct nitrite reductase enzymes encoded by the nrfA and nirB operons. The expression of each operon is induced during anaerobic cell growth conditions and is further modulated by the presence of either nitrite or nitrate in the cells' environment. To examine how each operon is expressed at low, intermediate, and high levels of either nitrate or nitrite, anaerob...