In the field of nasal delivery, one of the most fascinating applications is the delivery of 20 drugs directly to the central nervous system bypassing the blood brain barrier. This approach would 21 provide a series of benefits, such as dose lowering and direct targeting of potent drugs, ultimately 22 reducing their systemic side effects. Recently, clinical trials have explored the nasal adminis...

is perhaps the most preferred by patients and clinicians alike. However, peroral administration of drugs has disadvantages, such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, that prohibit oral administration of certain classes of drugs, especially peptides and proteins. Consequently, other absorptive mucosa are considered as potential sites ...

of new drug approval applications submitted to regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical companies are continuing to pursue new delivery methods for their drug products. The inhalation and nasal products had combined sales exceeding US$22 billion in 2007 for treatment of asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis, influenza, migraine and osteoporosis, and for use in general anaesthesia. 1 One common trend is...

Introduction: The nasal cavity is a promising site for drug delivery as it is easily accessible to patients, has a large surface area (due to the presence of microvilli), contains a thin nasal epithelium, and it can bypass first-pass metabolism [1]. However, many conventional dosage forms (e.g. gels, solutions, suspensions) have low residence time (time at site of action) within the nasal cavit...

BACKGROUND Delivery of powder formulations to the nose is an attractive alternative for many drugs and vaccines. This study compared the regional nasal deposition and clearance patterns of lactose powder delivered by the OptiNose powder device (Opt-Powder; OptiNose US Inc., Yardley, PA, USA) to that of liquid aerosol administered via a traditional hand-actuated liquid spray pump (Rexam SP270, R...

The nasal mucosa provides a potentially good route for local and systemic drug delivery. However, the protective feature of the nasal cavity make intranasal delivery challenging. The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery systems enhances the retention of the dosage form in the nasal cavity. Several groups have investigated using low acyl gellan as a drug delivery vehicle b...

The long-standing observations that respiratory secretions contain virus-neutralizing substances (1-3) have recently been extended by the demonstration that antibody activity associated with the yA-globulin in nasal secretion may protect against respiratory virus infection (4). Since protection was most clearly seen in individuals with relatively high titers of nasal antibody, and since yA-glob...

Intranasal administration is an attractive option for local and systemic delivery of many therapeutic agents. The nasal mucosa is – compared to other mucous membranes – easily accessible and provides a practical entrance portal for small and large molecules. Intranasal administration offers a rapid onset of therapeutic effects, no firstpass effect ,no gastrointestinal degradation or lung toxici...

Most drugs cannot be given orally because of significant degradation in the GIT or first pass metabolism in the liver. Nasal route for the delivery of some drugs offers an alternative in the pharmaceutical industry. The present review deals with the utility of the nasal route for the delivery of drugs to the brain as a microemulsion system in the treatment of a number of ailments like migraine,...

INTRODUCTION Use of submicrometer particles combined with condensational growth techniques has been proposed to reduce drug losses within components of high-flow nasal cannula therapy systems and to enhance the dose reaching the lower respiratory tract. These methods have been evaluated using continuous inhalation flow rather than realistic inhalation/exhalation breathing cycles. The goal of th...