BACKGROUND When shared by people who inject drugs, needles and syringes with different dead space may affect the probability of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission differently. METHODS We measured dead space in 56 needle and syringe combinations obtained from needle and syringe programs across 17 countries in Europe and Asia. We also calculated the amounts of blood and HIV that would...

objectives: to investigate the clinical efficacy of physiotherapy with and without superficial dry needling on patients with knee pain; patellofemoral pain syndrome. methods: a randomized clinical trial conducted in 2015, tehran, iran. of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, thirty-four subjects were randomly divided into two groups (17 in each group). group a was subjected to physiother...

F sharpened tungsten needles are essential tools required for the manipulation of small particles (1, 2, 3). They can be purchased commercially from Fine Science Tools at a cost of roughly $100 for a set of ten needles. Tungsten needles can easily become damaged during routine use, and accidentally bumping the sharpened end of a tungsten needle immediately renders it useless. For laboratories t...

Leaf retention time increases with decreasing irradiance, providing an effective way of amortizing the costs of foliage construction over time. To elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying this dependence, I studied needle life span, morphology, and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen and nonstructural carbohydrates along a gradient of relative irradiance in understory trees of Picea abi...