The concept of responsibility underlies many legal rules and remedies. For the most part, criminal liability is incurred only in respect of acts for which the accused is considered responsible; and civil liability is incurred only in respect of loss or damage for which the defendant is considered responsible. However, it seems often to be suggested that questions of responsibility are matters f...

Background: Once COVID-19 is transmitted, the corresponding civil responsibility should be clarified by the identification of the transmitter, compensation of the damage and detection of the causal relationship between the damage or harm and the harmful act.    Methods: This research has been prepared by descriptive analytical method and its data has been collected by documentary library tools...

the causation (tasbib) is a ground of liability in law which leads to compensation of damages in civil law and punishment in criminal law. as causation being discussed in both civil law and criminal law separately, it is generally perceived that the causation in civil law is different from that of criminal law. by reviewing the roots and conditions of causation, it becomes clear that the nature...

According to the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO), beliefs regarding competency can influence whether a person's occupational role behavior is adaptive or maladaptive. Such beliefs are considered to be part of a person's sense of "personal causation." This article reviews some of the theoretical underpinnings of the personal causation construct. Issues addressed are the distinction between comp...

Several studies have suggested the possibility of reverse causation in the ‘democratic peace’ relationship: that the well-known extreme rarity of wars between democratic nations may be partially or wholly explained by a negative impact of war on democracy. Three kinds of war-on-regime effects are discussed. Anterior effects are regime changes that occur in preparation for wars; concurrent effec...

The purpose of this chapter is to compare negligence rules and strict liability rules and to examine the allocative effects resulting from the application of different liability regimes. It first discusses unilateral accidents, while the more complicated bilateral cases follow afterwards. Each section starts with a discussion of the rule of no liability before moving on to various forms of negl...