Astrogliosis, a cellular response characterized by astrocytic hypertrophy and accumulation of GFAP, is a hallmark of all types of central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Potential signaling mechanisms driving the conversion of astrocytes into "reactive" phenotypes differ with respect to the injury models employed and can be complicated by factors such as disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BB...

Objective Illustrate that some neuroinflammatory diseases may respond best to antiproliferative therapies rather than immunomodulatory therapies. Background Genomics are increasingly employed in the diagnostic armamentarium of refractory neuro-inflammatory diseases. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is used detect pathogens and germline genetic testing inborn errors immune system. Genetic ...

Systemic exposure to the inflammagen and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used to evaluate inflammation and sickness behavior. While many inflammatory conditions occur in the periphery, it is well established that peripheral inflammation can affect the brain. Neuroinflammation, the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators in the CNS, commonly is associated with behav...

UNLABELLED Overexpression of the translocator protein, TSPO (18 kDa), formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a hallmark of activation of cells of monocytic lineage (microglia and macrophages) during neuroinflammation. Radiolabeling of TSPO ligands enables the detection of neuroinflammatory lesions by PET. Two new radioligands, (11)C-labeled N,N-diethyl-2-[2-(4-methoxypheny...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neuroinflammatory based pathologic state in which β-amyloid aggregates are a major devastating agents. In this study, a series of 2-hydroxyiminoethanones were synthesized and evaluated as anti-inflammatory in carrageenan and formalin tests and inhibitors of β-amyloid aggregation. Compounds 1-10b were synthesized through a two-step reaction. Results: Compounds 1-5b ...

I. The blood-brain barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 A. Morphology and function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 B. Mechanisms of transport of compounds across the blood-brain barrier . . . . ....

Microglia-involved neuroinflammation is thought to promote brain damage in various neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, inhibition of microglial over-activation may have a therapeutic benefit for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Micheliolide (MCL) is a sesquiterpene lactone which inhibits various inflammatory response. However, whether MCL can inhibit neuroinflammation caused by LPS-...