The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, undergoes multiple molecular interactions and structural rearrangements during the course of host cell attachment and viral entry, which are being increasingly defined at the atomic level using isolated proteins. In comparison, antigenic markers of these dynamic changes are essentially unknown for single HIV-1 particles bound to target cells. Such markers...

The newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is currently spreading among humans, making development of effective MERS vaccines a high priority. A defined receptor-binding domain (RBD) in MERS-CoV spike protein can potentially serve as a subunit vaccine candidate against MERS-CoV infections. To identify an ideal vaccine candidate, we have constructed five different ...

After infection of swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), there is a rapid rise of PRRSV-specific nonneutralizing antibodies (NNA), while neutralizing antibodies (NA) are detectable not sooner than 3 weeks later. To characterize neutralizing epitopes, we selected phages from a 12-mer phage display library using anti-PRRSV neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) I...

Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), a member of the CD28 coreceptor family, is costimulatory immune checkpoint receptor expressed on activated T-cells. Its ligand, ICOS ligand (ICOSL), antigen-presenting cells such as B cells. The ICOS-ICOSL axis plays an essential role in survival memory and effector T-cells responses, engagement by ICOSL induces proliferation, survival, cytokine production. Altho...

Abstract Stachys lavandulifolia is from mint family and Labiatae species and grows in different parts of our country sporadically. The purpose of this study is to investigate the chemical properties of Stachys lavandulifolia Ethyl acetate extract. In this study, the Ethyl acetate extract was provided using maceration method. The extract then was defatted and solvent removal performed in a...