the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...

regarding the fiscal constraints and management difficulties of public hospitals, several countries have usedpublic private partnership model to improve their health facilities. public private partnership enables using public resources and private investment and expertise in a combined structure. moheb hospital is the first iranian hospital managed according to public private-partnership. the p...

Governments often use multiple policy instruments for pursuing policy goals with mutually reinforcing eff ects. Th ese eff ects include supplementation and substitution. Th is article examines both eff ects by studying two instruments of state budget stabilization policy: general fund balances and budget stabilization funds. States normally maintain budget surpluses in the general fund. In rece...