To the best knowledge of authors, in former studies field measuring volume fraction gas, oil, and water components a three-phase flow using gamma radiation technique, existence scale layer has not been considered. The formed usually higher density comparison to fluid inside oil pipeline, which can lead high photon attenuation and, consequently, reduce precision meter. purpose this study is pres...

The nondestructive testing (NDT) of long object (such as pipeline) has significant value. Computed tomography (CT) is able to generate 3D images and display the inner defects of the inspected object. Sometimes the long object fixed outdoors can’t be rotated, and the rotating of the X-ray source and detector is also difficult. So the linear scan CT, translating the X-ray source and detector alon...

X-ray fluorescence imaging is a widely used, nondestructive method for determining the distribution and relative concentration of metals within a sample. To create a two-dimensional map of an image, x-rays are usually sent through a 25-250 μm wide aperture, then point by point an image is scanned. Microchannel plates contain an array of tiny holes that can be used to collimate x-rays fluorescin...

Corrosion-fatigue, a cracking mechanism in fossil-fueled generating plants, predominately occurs in the water walls and economizers of sub-critical plants. Cracking attributed to corrosion-fatigue has occurred in water wall tubing of both membrane and tangential designs. The occurrence (particularly in membrane water wall tubing) presents a challenge for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) because ...

An experimental system has been designed to examine the assembly of nanoparticles in a variety of process engineering applications. These applications include the harvesting from solutions of nanoparticles into green parts, and the subsequent sintering into finished components. The system is based on an x-ray microtomography with a spatial resolution down to 5 mm. The theoretical limitations in...

Mealiness degrades the quality of apples and plays an important role in fruit market. Therefore, the use of reliable and rapid sensing techniques for nondestructive measurement and sorting of fruits is necessary. In this study, the potential of acoustic signals of rolling apples on an inclined plate as a new technique for nondestructive detection of Red Delicious apple mealiness was investigate...

Nondestructive sampling methods, such as removal of feathers for contaminant analysis, are desirable in ecological monitoring programs that seek to minimize the impacts of harvesting organisms. Although many reptiles are declining worldwide, nondestructive sampling techniques seldom have been employed for assessing contaminant exposure in these organisms. In this study, we examined the utility ...

We report the continuous and partially nondestructive measurement of optical photons. For a weak light pulse traveling through a slow-light optical medium (signal), the associated atomic-excitation component is detected by another light beam (probe) with the aid of an optical cavity. We observe strong correlations of g_{sp}^{(2)}=4.4(5) between the transmitted signal and probe photons. The obse...