We evaluated friction fatigue-induced changes in the microstructure and residual stress of carburized steel. By eddy current testing (ET) x-ray diffractometry (XRD), voltage rate (after/before fatigue testing) obtained by ET had a strong correlation with retained austenite phase full width at half maximum XRD. The results are useful for analysis damage

In an attempt to expand the scope of electromagnetic testing to include poorly conducting materials, we have tried using a low frequency capacitive probe. This probe has given promising performances in testing materials with resistivities of several hundred ohm-centimeters.