Shocks are a ubiquitous consequence of cosmic structure formation, and they play an essential role in heating galaxy cluster media. Virtually all of the gas in clusters has been processed by one or more shocks of at least moderate strength. These are collisionless shocks, so likely sites for diffusive shock acceleration of high energy particles. We have carried out numerical simulations of cosm...

In this paper we review the possible radiation mechanisms for the observed non-thermal emission in clusters of galaxies, with a primary focus on the radio and hard X-ray emission. We show that the difficulty with the non-thermal, non-relativisitic Bremsstrahlung model for the hard X-ray emission, first pointed out by Petrosian (2001) using a cold target approximation, is somewhat alleviated whe...

Mekjavic, Igor B., and Ola Eiken. Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans. J Appl Physiol 100: 2065–2072, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01118.2005.—The set point has been used to define the regulated level of body temperature, suggesting that displacements of core temperature from the set point initiate heat production (HP) and heat loss (...

The concept of nonthermal microwave effects has received considerable attention in recent years and is the subject of intense debate in the scientific community. Nonthermal microwave effects have been postulated to result from a direct stabilizing interaction of the electric field with specific (polar) molecules in the reaction medium that is not related to a macroscopic temperature effect. In ...

In evolved supernova remnants (SNRs) interacting with molecular clouds, a highly inhomogeneous structure consisting of a forward shock of moderate Mach number, a cooling layer, a dense radiative shell and an interior region filled with hot tenuous plasma is expected. We present a model of nonthermal electron injection, acceleration and propagation in that environment and find that these SNRs ar...

Because of their robust switching capability, chalcogenide glass materials have been used for a wide range of applications, including optical storages devices. These phase transitions are achieved by laser irradiation via thermal processes. Recent studies have suggested the potential of nonthermal phase transitions in the chalcogenide glass material Ge2Sb2Te5 triggered by ultrashort optical pul...

A comprehensive one-dimensional photochemical model extending from the middle atmosphere (50 km) to the exobase (432 km) has been used to study the escape of hydrogen and deuterium from the Earth's atmosphere. The model incorporates recent advances in chemical kinetics as well as atmospheric observations by satellites, especially the Atmosphere Explorer C satellite. The results suggest: (1) ...

We compare the nonthermal emission from clusters of galaxies undergoing minor mergers (“accreting” clusters) and major mergers (“merging” clusters). We define major mergers as the mergers that change the inner dark matter structure of clusters; minor mergers are all others. For accreting clusters, the radial distribution of the nonthermal emission in the clusters is also calculated. The relativ...