Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is constructed from saliva of swiftlets birds and consumed largely by Southeast East Asians for its nutritional value anti-aging properties. Although the neuroprotection EBN in animals has been reported, there not yet systemically summarized. Thus, this review outlined evidence neuroprotective activity modulating cognitive functions either healthy or with induced-cognit...

Chronic pain is thought to arise because of maladaptive changes occurring within the peripheral nervous system and CNS. The transition from acute to chronic pain is known to involve the spinal cord (Woolf and Salter, 2000). Therefore, to investigate altered human spinal cord function and translate results obtained from other species, a noninvasive neuroimaging technique is desirable. We have in...

INTRODUCTION A subgroup of voltage gated sodium channels including Nav1.8 are exclusively expressed on small diameter primary afferent neurons and are therefore believed to be integral to the neurotransmission of nociceptive pain. The present study examined whether local application of A-803467, a selective blocker of the Nav 1.8 sodium channel, can reduce nociceptive transmission from the join...

Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), which involve supraspinal structures and modulate the transmission of nociceptive signals, were investigated at different stages during the development of adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in the rat. After behavioral evaluation, recordings of trigeminal convergent neurons were performed in anesthetized animals with acute (24-48 hr) or chronic (3-4 weeks...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an equine pain face and to describe this in detail. STUDY DESIGN Semi-randomized, controlled, crossover trial. ANIMALS Six adult horses. METHODS Pain was induced with two noxious stimuli, a tourniquet on the antebrachium and topical application of capsaicin. All horses participated in two control trials and received...

Animals and human beings sense and react to real/potential dangerous stimuli. However, the supraspinal mechanisms relating noxious sensing and nocifensive behavior are mostly unknown. The collateralization and spatial organization of interrelated neurons are important determinants of coordinated network function. Here we electrophysiologically studied medial medullary reticulospinal neurons (mM...

Research into analgesia has traditionally not been possible without subjecting animals to pain. The practice of inflicting pain in some animals in order to relieve pain in others leads to an obvious ethical dilemma. Over the last 15 years we have developed and refined a novel approach to anaesthesia that allows the cerebral cortex of an anaesthetised animal to respond to noxious stimuli in a si...

Neuroimaging technologies with an exceptional spatial resolution and noninvasiveness have become a powerful tool for assessing neural activity in both animals and humans. However, the effectiveness of neuroimaging for pain remains unclear partly because the neurovascular coupling during pain processing is not completely characterized. Our current work aims to unravel patterns of neurovascular p...

Thalamic intralaminar and medial nuclei participate mainly in affective and motivational aspects of pain processing. Unique to the present study were identification and characterization of spontaneously active neurons in the central lateral nucleus (CL) of the intralaminar thalamus, which were found to respond only to viscerally evoked noxious stimuli in animals under pentobarbital anesthesia. ...