Using linear wave theory, the rate at which energy is converted into internal gravity waves by the interaction of the barotropic tide with topography in an ocean is calculated. Bell’s formula for the conversion rate is extended to the case of an ocean of finite depth H with weak two-dimensional topography h(x, y) and arbitrary buoyancy frequency N(z). Approximate solutions are computed using th...

Estimates of ocean temperatures on Earth 3.5 billion years ago (Ga) range between 26° and 85°C. We present new data from 3.47- to 3.43-Ga volcanic rocks and cherts in South Africa suggesting that these temperatures reflect mixing of hot hydrothermal fluids with cold marine and terrestrial waters. We describe fossil hydrothermal pipes that formed at ~200°C on the sea floor >2 km below sea level....

Any comprehensive model for earth history consistent with the data from the Scriptures must account for the massive tectonic changes associated with the Genesis Flood. These tectonic changes include significant vertical motions of the continental surfaces to allow for the deposition of up to many thousands of meters of fossil-bearing sediments, lateral displacements of the continental blocks th...

Underwater vehicles that are equipped with an on-board camera can utilize the captured frames to perceive the 3D structure of the ocean floor and thus perform safe underwater self-navigation. The focal length, frame rate and exposure time, which determine the frame capturing process, in association with the speed of the vehicle determine the capabilities of the vision-based navigation system. I...

Two models, a simple cooling model and the plate model, have been advanced to account for the variation in depth and heat flow with increasing age of the ocean floor. The simple cooling model predicts a linear relation between depth and t •, and heat flow and l/t«, where t is the •ge of the ocean floor. We show that the same t • dependence is implicit in the solutions for the plate model for su...


 Focus:
 To appreciate the biodiversity of Arctic Ocean and ocean floor, with a particular focus on lesser-known species. What kind micro- meio-, macrofauna (species) live floor what do they look like?
 Learning objectives:
 In this activity, pupils will identify (one, two, or more) species living at close to sculpt them using modelling clay. Through hopefully begin underst...