Introduction. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that tobacco use status is independently associated with postoperative opioid requirements in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) when important demographic variables such as age and gender are taken into account. Methods. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent CABG surgery over a one yea...

Background: Opiate abuse has been critically increased in the world, especially Iran. Owing to association of opiate use with multiple human cancers and neurological disorders, seeking for genetic epigenetic effects opium can pave way early diagnosis major health defects addicted users. Accordingly, present study aimed determine methylation status promoter two genes, which are actively involved...