Hydroxy-benzodiazepines and opiates are metabolized through glucuronidation which is the predominant pathway in the clearance mechanism of exogenous and endogenous substances during phase II-metabolism. The reaction is catalyzed by uridine-diphosphoglucuronyltransferases (UGTs) [1]. The presented work is motivated by the fact that the combination of benzodiazepines and opiates is common both in...

Low doses of opiate drugs are known to produce behavioral excitation in many species (Kreuger, Eddy & Sumwalt; 1941). In rodents this activation response generally includes increased rearing and ambulation (Fog, 1970; Norton, 1977). We wish to call attention to a novel interpretation of previous findings, i.e. that the activation due to opiates reflects exploration, and that this might imply th...

Essential practice points from this article Part I of this article ( issue 4) identified the things drug users and others do or don’t do which affect the risk of overdose, and the influences which make these behaviours more or less likely. Key conclusion: overdose deaths are avoidable: rarely is taking heroin or taking a high dose the sole cause. Other factors turn potential risk into reality, ...

The discovery of endogenous opiates in 1975 (1) generated considerable research concerning the effects of exercise on the release of these peptides, particularly on -endorphin, which represents the main focus of this chapter. Previous research considered changes in peripheral blood concentrations induced by different modes of physical activity, influences of training status on the secretion of ...

Abstract Taking the humoral body as its spatial focus, this article considers how medical writers and practitioners engaged with ‘intoxicants’ both in terms of prescription medicines conceptualization compulsive consumption – or what is often styled by modern ‘addiction’. Focusing first instance on compilers vernacular pharmacopoeia compilations ingredients techniques argues that just sugar, to...

This study reviews opiates (endorphin agonists) in treatment of pain and addiction with specific focus on their addictive potential versus benefits. This review suggests endorphin agonists enjoy mood stabilizing and antidepressant properties and have been helpful in treatment of pain, mood and addictive disorders. The evidence is consistent with the observation that slow release opiate preparat...

Black widow spider envenomation (BWSE) is commonly associated with severe abdominal pain, muscle cramping, and hypertension. Treatment is primarily symptomatic with the use of opiates and benzodiazepines. Priapism is a complication of BWSE that has only rarely been reported. We describe a 17-month-old male who developed priapism after known BWSE. His priapism did not respond to opiates or benzo...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com J Psychol Clin Psychiatry 2015, 3(4): 00144 death [1]. There have been several recent publications consistent with premature deaths associated with discontinuation of opiates independent of withdrawal induced adverse events [2-4]. There is also compelling neuro imaging evidence of brain atrophy associated with chronic pain and depression [5-6]. A nu...

objectives: early maladaptive schemas are valid representations of unpleasant childhood experiences that shape a person’s viewpoints of the world, and lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse. given the importance of this matter, we conducted a research on early maladaptive schemas in substance-abusers, to allow more appropriate preventive measure...