Opportunity cost should not be an afterthought when making security decisions. One way to ease into considering complex alternatives is consider the null baseline of doing nothing instead choice at hand. can feel abstract, elusive, and imprecise, but it understood by everyone, given right introduction framing. Using approach presented here will make natural accessible.

this research was conducted in the west forest of guilan, northern iran. data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. production cost has been investigated in this research. th...

Background Cost-effectiveness analysis is an important tool for informing treatment coverage and pricing decisions, yet no consensus exists about what threshold the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained indicates whether treatments are likely to be cost-effective United States. Objective To estimate a U.S. based on health opportunity...

Reactive power as a utility of ancillary service in restructured environment is supplied by Independent System Operator (ISO). Due to the particular importance of optimal pricing strategy in the power market, the study aims to investigate this problem more closely. To this end, first the problems of restructuring, reactive power generation and its associated costs thereof were reviewed and diff...

The conventional method towards deriving schedule for a fleet of ships to minimize cost alone has the short-coming of not addressing the problem of operation revenue losses associated with delays during maintenance at ships dockyards. In this paper, a preventive maintenance schedule for a fleet of ships that incorporates op-portunity cost is presented. The idea is to assign a penalty cost to al...