In this paper we propose di¤erent criteria to rank income distributions according to equality of opportunity. Di¤erent from existing ones, our criteria explicitly recognize the interplay between circumstances and e¤ort. We characterize them axiomatically and we compare them with existing criteria; then we propose some scalar measures. We show that our ex post criteria are mostly obtained from "...

One often heard counter to the concern about rising income and wealth inequality is that it is wrong to focus on inequality of outcomes in a “snapshot”. Intergenerational mobility and “equality of opportunity”, so the argument goes, is what matters for normative evaluation. In response to this counter, we ask what pattern of intergenerational mobility leads to lower inequality not between indiv...

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The school reenrollment probability conditional on a child’s circumstances (gender, indigenous origin, and family background) is our measure of opportunity. For children who completed grades 1–6, we use generalized Lorenz dominance to show that Progresa improved aggregate opportunities reduced inequality Moreover, using the human opportunity index—or, alternatively, Gini aggregator—we decrease ...

The actual level of income inequality and the scope allocation options influence individual as well social perception under uncertainty. We show how incorporating opportunity concerns uncertainty would affect perception. An axiomatic system on preferences is suggested demonstrated to characterize a measure opportunity-dependent index uncertainty, which potentially provide satisfactory answer pu...

background: despite significant reduction in global disease prevalence, leprosy still has a high rate of disability while its determinants are unfair and many of them are amendable. the objective of this study was to measure inequality of disability in leprosy in iran. methods: this was a cross‑sectional study (2006‑2007) on all living people affected by leprosy registered in w. azerbaijan prov...