CERTAIN birds when held in small cages during the migration seasons exhibit a nocturnal restlessness which has been interpreted as an expression of migratory condition and termed Zugunruhe. In 1949 the late Gustav Kramer demonstrated that Red-backed Shrikes (Lanius collurio) and blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla), placed in cages under the night sky, often tended to orient their Zugunruhe toward th...

The interplay between light polarization and matter is the basis of many fundamental physical processes and applications. However, the electromagnetic wave nature of light in free space sets a fundamental limit on the three-dimensional polarization orientation of a light beam. Although a high numerical aperture objective can be used to bend the wavefront of a radially polarized beam to generate...

A numerical technique is developed to determine the three-dimensional fiber orientation in complex flows. The fiber orientation state is specified in terms of orientation tensors, which are used in several constitutive models. This method is applied to quasi-steady state Hele-Shaw flows in order to predict the flowinduced fiber orientation during injection molding at zero volume fraction limit....

Over the past decade, efforts have been made to develop nondestructive techniques for three-dimensional (3D) grain-orientation mapping in crystalline materials. 3D x-ray diffraction microscopy and differential-aperture x-ray microscopy can now be used to generate 3D orientation maps with a spatial resolution of 200 nanometers (nm). We describe here a nondestructive technique that enables 3D ori...

While in the historic urban fabric of Iran's cities, there are numerous traditional buildings that have stood up for more than one hundred years, today's buildings, in spite of advanced construction technologies, are not comparable with those traditional ones in terms of resiliency and durability. The sustainable vernacular strategies in design and construction of these traditional houses are t...

Establishing image context is the major difficulty of performing laparoscopic ultrasound. The standard techniques used by transabdominal ultrasonographers to understand image orientation are difficult to apply with laparoscopic instruments. In this paper, we describe a navigation system that displays the position and orientation of laparoscopic ultrasound images to the operating surgeon in real...

aim: considering the fundamental role of parents' function and family dynamics including the importance role of family communication pattern on preventing early-onset substance use in children, the present study aimed to determine the correlation between family communication pattern and mothers' preventive behavioral intention regarding preventing early-onset substance use in children...