No causal evidence is available to translate associations between neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes into beneficial changes to built environments. Observed associations may be causal or result from uncontrolled confounds related to family upbringing. Twin designs can help neighborhood effects studies overcome selection and reverse causation problems in specifying causal mechanism...

Many organisations in rich countries actively recruit health workers from poor countries. Critics object to this recruitment on the grounds that it has harmful consequences and that it encourages health workers to violate obligations to their compatriots. Against these critics, I argue that the active recruitment of health workers from low-income countries is morally permissible. The available ...

The Environmental Public Health Tracking Network (EPHTN) proposes to link environmental hazards and exposures to health outcomes. Statistical methods used in case-control and cohort studies to link health outcomes to individual exposure estimates are well developed. However, reliable exposure estimates for many contaminants are not available at the individual level. In these cases, exposure/haz...

In this article, we familiarize readers with some recent empirical evidence about possible associations between religious and/or spiritual (RS) factors and health outcomes. In considering this evidence, we believe a healthy skepticism is in order One needs to remain open to the possibility that RS-related beliefs and behaviors may influence health, yet one needs empirical evidence based on well...

BACKGROUND India faces an acute shortage of health personnel. Together with inequalities in distribution of health workers, this shortfall impedes progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The aim of this study was to assess health-workforce distribution, identify inequalities in health-worker provision and estimate the impact of this maldistribution on key health outcom...

the aim of this qualitative research is to identify the outcomes of vigor. since 2000, in un’s view, such variables as vigor, life expectancy, gratification and satisfaction are computed as key variables in determining nations’ development level which shows the importance of studying vigor. the methodology is an exploratory study in terms of purpose and it is a qualitative survey in terms of da...

purpose: to report and compare outcomes and intra- and postoperative complications of senile cataract surgery using phacoemulsification in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome. methods: consecutive patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome who underwent phacoemulsification in one or both eyes for senile cataracts between october 2009 and october 2010 were enrolled in the study. i...