This paper develops a theory of the endogenous formation of a common market in a three–country, n factor political economy model. Ex ante policies in each of the prospective members are the result of direct democracy, and equilibrium outcomes may include both import restrictions as well as subsidies. The decision to join a common market is modelled as a simultaneous move game between the two pr...

In this study, the relationship among four species of Polygonum (including P. hyrcanicum (three samples), P. persicaria, P. avicular, and P. hydropiper) was investigated by GC profiling. Furthermore, the major compounds of the ethylic ether extract of P. hyrcanicum were identified by GC/MS as: α-bisabolol (17.5%), cedrol (15.9%), sesquisabinene hydra...

All-or-nothing transforms (AONTs) were proposed by Rivest as a message preprocessing technique for encrypting data to protect against brute-force attacks, and have numerous applications in cryptography information security. Later the unconditionally secure AONTs their combinatorial characterization introduced Stinson. Informally, AONT is an array with unbiased requirements its security properti...

We consider the effect of labor market rigidities on human capital accumulation and economic growth when some human capital is difficult to observe prior to employment. We distinguish between two types of human capital, those that formal schooling and test scores can measure (“knowledge”) and those that can be observed by employers only after a period of employment (“creativity”). We build a si...

introduction: on the importance of the formant frequency, it is enough to say that the first three formants of a vowel and their internal relationships are the major components in detection of vowel type by listener. moreover, the quality of a vowel depends on its factorial frequencies. the main application of measuring factorial frequency is for description of vowel errors because recognizing ...