The common misconception among non-specialists is that a computer program can only perform tasks which the programmer knows how to perform (albeit much faster). This leads to a belief that if an artificial system exhibits creative behavior, it only does so because it is leveraging the programmer’s creativity. We review past efforts to evaluate creative systems and identify the biases against th...

The random-access memory (RAM) model of computation allows program constant-time memory lookup and is more applicable in practice today, covering many important algorithms. This is in contrast to the classic setting of secure 2-party computation (2PC) that mostly follows the approach for which the desired functionality must be represented as a boolean circuit. In this work we design the first c...

dowry or marriage portion is a property that a wife owns after marriage and the spouse is obliged to pay to his wife. since marriage portion rules are not explicitly stipulated in iranian civil law, the writer article makes an attempt to answer whether a third party other than the husband can be in doubted to undertake the responsibility of paying the dowry. therefore, in case of divorce if the...

this paper is about to discover the roots of formation of one of the political and social phenomena called political party in a particular period of iranian contemporary history. in the light of this kind of study we can go beyond the superficial and general analyses which are the characteristic of traditional and under developed societies unfortunately these analyses are used to justify all th...

bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

promise de port fort is an useful legal basic for justification many civil and commercial transactions. such as bank guaranties, insurance and guaranty of things it divides two legal relations, relation between parties if third party not ratify and relation with third party if she or he ratify that promise. unlike its appearance, it, is not violation the principle of relativity of contracts. be...

A cryptographic coprocessor is described for certifying outcomes of software programs. The system for certifying and authenticating outputs allows a third party who trusts the secure components of the system to verify that a specified program actually executed and produced a claimed output.

arising of loss entitles the third party to the compensation. in this respect, more often than not, the entitlement of the third party finds its justification based on voluntary principles and sometimes based on involuntary ones. if the third party cannot find defense based on voluntary principles, he or she has to resort to involuntary ones. the possibility of multiple compensation methods cou...

A cryptographic coprocessor is described for certifying outcomes of software programs. The system for certifying and authenticating outputs allows a third party who trusts the secure components of the system to verify that a specified program actually executed and produced a claimed output. keywords.