tone is functionally as resistance to passive movement. it is separated into postural tone and phasic tone. phasic tone is the result of rapid stretching of a tendon and the muscle spindle, however postural tone is the result of a steady, restrained strech on muscles. hypottonia is a decreased resistance to passive movement. the term floppy is frequently used to describe hypotonic children. in ...

In generally, a suspension system needs to be soft to insulate against road disturbances and hard to insulate against load disturbances. It cannot achieve with a traditional passive suspension that only considered to the stiffness and damper. In this study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with inerter to reduce sprung mass displacement and tire deflection in quarter...

The steady state response of bond graphs representing passive and active suspension is presented. A bond graph with preferred derivative causality assignment to get the steady state is proposed. A general junction structure of this bond graph is proposed. The proposed methodology to passive and active suspensions is applied.

This paper presents an optimal vehicle and seat suspension design for a half-car vehicle model to reduce human-body vibration (whole-body vibration). A genetic algorithm is applied to search for the optimal parameters of the seat and vehicle suspension. The desired objective is proposed as the minimization of a multi-objective function formed by the combination of seat suspension working space ...

Abstract: This paper proposes a nonlinear backstepping control strategy to improve the inherent tradeoff between ride comfort of passengers and suspension travel. Passenger comfort in ground vehicles usually depends on a combination of vertical motion (heave) and angular motion (pitch and roll). Suspension travel means the space variation between vehicle body and tires. Our active suspension de...

In order to address the problem that traditional passive suspension damping parameter cannot be adjusted which makes it difficult to improve vehicle ride comfort and handling stability, the paper proposes use of controllable magneto-rheological dampers in replace of passive dampers to establish semi-active suspension based on magneto-rheological dampers. By designing magneto-rheological damper ...

Using hydraulic interconnected suspension (HIS) system to improve the stability of the vehicles is a matter of recent interest of many scholars. In this paper, application of this kind of suspension system and its impact on the stability of the vehicle are studied. The governing dynamic relations of the system are presented, using free body diagram, Newton-Euler motion equations, and relations ...

This paper provides an overview of the latest advances in road vehicle suspension design, dynamics, and control, together with the authors' perspectives, in the context of vehicle ride, handling and stability. The general aspects of road vehicle suspension dynamics and design are discussed, followed by descriptions of road roughness excitations with a particular emphasis on road potholes. Passi...

Using Brownian dynamics computer simulations, we show that a two-dimensional suspension of self-propelled ("active") colloidal particles crystallizes at sufficiently high densities. Compared to the equilibrium freezing of passive particles, the freezing density is both significantly shifted and depends on the structural or dynamical criterion employed. In nonequilibrium the transition is accomp...