In mosaic fate mapping the fraction of mosaics in which two structures are of different genotype is calculated. This frequency of separation has been called a "distance" and the units of this distance are called "sturts". The fundamental assumption of fate mapping is that the frequency of separation increases continuously with the actual distance between the anlage for these structures on the b...

Peri-urban rural system rehabilitation is pivotal to the socio-ecological balanced functioning of urban systems. In this paper, we investigate performance agroforestry participative practices in rehabilitating peri-urban belts (in-field productive agroforestry; between-field landscape features). We test a new trans-disciplinary, multi-level analytical framework for ecosystem services (ESs) asse...

We use a combination of a model and empirical data to examine the relationship between the scale of the landscape mosaic and individual movement patterns on the measurement of local butter ̄y species diversity. In landscapes where patch sizes are smaller, the type of patch adjacent to the patch surveyed can in ̄uence both local species richness and incidence. In landscapes composed of larger patc...

As the human population expands, landscapes worldwide are becoming fragmented into remnant patches of original habitat, surrounded by agriculture and other human land uses. With diminishing opportunities to preserve large tracts of pristine habitat, the future of biodiversity conservation lies increasingly in these fragmented areas. Therefore, understanding the processes at work in fragmented l...

down’s syndrome, or 21 trisomy, is the most common autosomal abnormality, with incidence of 1 per 815 live births in iran. worldwide reports indicate that about 95% are regular trisomy, or nondisjunction, 1% are mosaic and 4% due to translocation. however, these values show a geographical variation. a cytogenetic study of down's syndrome, or trismoy 21, was carried out on 366 cases (202 males a...

The fusion of individualistic community ecology with the Hutchinsonian niche concept enabled a broad integration of ecological theory, spanning all the way from the niche characteristics of individual species, to the composition, structure, and dynamics of ecological communities. Landscape ecology has been variously described as the study of the structure, function, and management of large hete...

This study examines the consequences of adjacent elements for a given patch, through their effects on zoochorous dispersion by frugivorous birds. The case study consists of pine plantations (the focal patch) adjacent to other patches of native vegetation (mixed patches of native forest and shrublands), and/or pine plantations. Our hypothesis is that input of native woody species propagules gene...

While little research has been done on California grassland birds, their populations are thought to be declining due to habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation. We investigated the association between California grassland birds and their landscape-scale habitat matrix. The habitat is a mosaic of valley grassland with blue oak and coast live oak woodlands. In this study, we used logistic re...

Genome-wide scans of genetic differentiation between hybridizing taxa can identify genome regions with unusual rates of introgression. Regions of high differentiation might represent barriers to gene flow, while regions of low differentiation might indicate adaptive introgression-the spread of selectively beneficial alleles between reproductively isolated genetic backgrounds. Here we conduct a ...