UNLABELLED Most Internet vendors offer tax-free cigarettes making them cheaper than those sold at stores. This undermines the impact that higher prices have upon reducing consumption. Most Internet tobacco sales have violated taxation and youth access laws, which led to landmark voluntary agreements in 2005 with the major credit card companies and major private shippers to ban payment transacti...

The end of the Cold War has called into question the activities of the national laboratories and, more generally, the level of support now given to federal intramural research in the United States. This paper seeks to analyze the potential role of the laboratories, with particular attention to the possibility, on the one hand, of integrating private technology development into the laboratory's ...

Altruism, Cooperation, and Efficiency: Agricultural Production in Polygynous Households Altruism among family members can, in some cases, inhibit cooperation by increasing the utility that players expect to receive in a non-cooperative equilibrium. To test this, we examine agricultural productivity in polygynous households in West Africa. We find that cooperation is greater – production is more...

Cooperative agreements among firms to coordinate R&D investments and share knowledge or coordination among nations to reduce trade barriers or to provide global public goods usually proves difficult due to free-rider incentives. In this paper, we propose a sharing scheme for the distribution of the gains from cooperation for games with externalities and heterogeneous players in order to mitigat...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this research is to identify the pricing, reimbursement, and market access (P&R&MA) considerations most relevant to advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) in the Big5EU, and to inform their manufacturers about the key drivers for securing adoption at a commercially viable reimbursed price. METHODOLOGY The research was structured following three main steps: 1) Identif...

This article presents an overview of the Albanian legal system enforcement in civil and commercial area. Its purpose is not only to identify Albania characteristics each title but also compare it with that Brussels IA Regulation. The concludes built on spirit European very similar several countries. However, range foreign titles can be recognized enforced narrower than provided Union Therefore,...

it has been tried to compare the “price payment method” in iranian law with “principles of international commercial contracts” and “convention on contracts for international sale of goods vienna, 1980” in this study. different law regulations in various countries should be unified in order to extend rapid and insured trusted law relations among the nations and people all over the world because ...

background equity of access to health and provider payment mechanism in healthcare is a worldwide debated. healthcare reforms are primarily designed to improve productivity, economic efficiency and quality of care; however, an appropriate reimbursement of healthcare providers for services offered to patients and marinating a robust payment mechanism are not elucidated yet. conclusions no single...

Abstract The study aimed at evaluating the contents of tenancy agreement entered into between lessors and lessees in Osogbo, Owode-Ede Ede Metropolis Osun State (Nigeria) from 2011 to 2020 order determine its adequacy face Post-COVID-19 pandemic Nigeria. A questionnaire survey approach was adopted achieve aim study. Findings revealed steady dwindling rental market transactions with deterioratin...

This paper analyzes a decentralized global supply chain under newsvendor setting, where supplier delivers certain quantity of single product to buyer in accordance with the terms mutually agreed upon contract. contract is signed prior delivery and subsequent payment, thus, exposing risk currency exchange rate fluctuations. We propose two types flexibility contracts explore characteristics mitig...