crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation that causes the loss of immune tolerance leading to bizarre inflammatory signals and disruption of mucosal barriers. environmental triggers and interaction of genetic determinants also play an indispensible role. in this case report, we present a pre-pubertal girl with intermittent and refra...

Pediatric pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) represent phenotypically and pathophysiologically diverse disease categories, contributing substantial morbidity and mortality to a complex array of pediatric conditions. Here, we review the multifactorial nature of pediatric PVD, with an emphasis on improved recognition, phenotyping, and endotyping strategies for pediat...

Spasticity is the most common motor disturbance in cerebral palsy (CP). Lockdown COVID-19 outbreak has profoundly changed daily routines, and similarly caused suspension of spasticity treatment plans. Besides, delay botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection, which important management focal spasticity, led to some problems children. This consensus report includes BoNT injection recommendations during pa...

An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an ocular condition that directly or indirectly results from a pathologic process from another part of the body. Ocular manifestations can occur in various systemic diseases in pediatrics. However, ocular manifestations are difficult to recognize especially in pediatric diseases because most clinicians ignore ocular involvement of systemic diseas...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, and is often diagnosed in late childhood and early adulthood. What determines the age of onset remains unexplained. Early onset may represent the "pure" form of the disease process and hence may hold secrets of the initiating events of IBD pathogenesis. Clinical scientists continue to focus on pediatric IBD because ...

Molluscum contagiosum is an infectious viral disease. The necessity to do this research in primary school of Kerman is mainly based on the high occurrence of the molluscum contagiosum (MC) among children, though an increase of the incidence of MC in adults with AIDS and immune deficiencies has also been reported. Among 1181 girls and 1440 boys, 75 were infected with MC; 29 (2.45%) and 46 (3.1%)...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Optimal treatment decisions in children require sufficient evidence on the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals in pediatric patients. However, there is concern that not enough trials are conducted in children and that pediatric trials differ from those performed in adults. Our objective was to measure the prevalence of pediatric studies among clinical drug trials and...

Background: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases all over the world, which impacts socioeconomics of families and health care systems. We aimed to investigate the economic burden of pediatric asthmain Iran and to examine its variability depending on asthma severity. Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study 141 pediatric asthmatic patients, who referred to pediatric referral cent...