Water-in-oil mixtures were grouped into four states or classes: stable, mesostable, unstable, and entrained water. Of these, only stable and mesostable states can be characterized as emulsions. These states were established according to lifetime, visual appearance, complex modulus, and differences in viscosity. Water content at formation was not an important factor. Water-in-oil emulsions made ...

Two of the largest crude oil-polluted areas in the world are the semi-enclosed Mediterranean and Red Seas, but the effect of chronic pollution remains incompletely understood on a large scale. We compared the influence of environmental and geographical constraints and anthropogenic forces (hydrocarbon input) on bacterial communities in eight geographically separated oil-polluted sites along the...

The improved cleanup of marine oil spills by stimulating biodegradation through the use of a slow-release fertilizer is reported. A paraffin-supported fertilizer containing MgNH4PO4 as active ingredient was developed and evaluated in laboratory and field experiments using quantitative infrared spectrometry and chromatographic techniques. The biodegradation of Sarir crude oil in the sea was cons...

Microbial populations' inhabitants in crude petroleum contaminated soils were analyzed in relation with the soil characteristics. A noticeable greater decline of bacterial counts and diversity but a prevalence of the genus Pseudomonas over the other identified genera in the fresh contaminated soils as compared to the old ones was observed.

Infralittoral soft-bottom macrofauna abundance data collected during four-year surveys after the Aegean Sea (Galicia, Spain) and the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Brittany, France) at a total of seven sites were analysed at three different taxonomic levels (species, genus, and family). The effects of the spills on macrofauna populations were very similar in the two areas. The post-spill time-courses o...

Reducing the risk of oil spills and mitigating the prospect of terrorist attacks and sabotage is essential for protecting the environment and reducing economic losses. Oil spill surveillance constitutes a critical component of an effective security program and oil spill disaster management. Advances in remote sensing technologies can help to identify potential threats and minor spills before th...

Thank you Admiral Watkins and commission members for allowing me this opportunity to draw your attention to two recent reports of the National Academies that address what are arguably two of the most significant challenges to coastal and marine environmental quality: oil pollution and nutrient pollution. A decade ago public concerns about marine pollution were driven by the dramatic footage fro...

Tourism as one of the most economically important industries is also one of the most vulnerable to crises and disasters. This study is focused on measuring the short-term impact of a recent incidence, the 2010 BP Gulf oil spill, using a systems perspective. Drawing from two datasets measuring the performance of the hotel and vacation rental industries, a major part of the accommodation industry...

This paper examines the behaviour of a distributed system/robotic swarm concept for the effective confrontation of oil spills. The system described consists of a number of identical robotic units of high-power autonomy that recover oil mechanically and are able to communicate with each other. A mathematical model that accounts for a multitude of oil weathering processes and for the concerted ac...

Presently, the simulated Delay Doppler Maps (DDMs) of oil slicked sea are limited to simplified scenarios which have the elevation angle of 90◦ (nadir reflection). In this paper, the detailed simulation process to generate GNSS-R DDMs of oil slicked sea surfaces under general scenarios is presented. The DDM of oil slicked sea surface under general scenarios are generated by combining the meansq...