The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of typhoid fever on pharmacokinetic parameters of levofloxacin (LF) and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of the said antibiotic in healthy human volunteers and patients with typhoid fever. Total of 12 subjects were divided into two groups “A” (healthy volunteers) and “B” (typhoid patients). Single oral dose of LF 500 mg was given and 5 ...

Sisomicin in doses of 1 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to 10 healthy volunteers, and 1 week later the same volunteers received sisomicin at the same dose intravenously. A peak serum concentration of sisomicin of 3.08 mug/ml was obtained 1 h after intramuscular injection, and a peak serum concentration of 7.12 mug/ml was achieved 30 min after a 30-min intravenous infusion. The sisomicin ...

Nutritional status may have a profound impact on the pharmacokinetics of drugs, yet only few data are available for tuberculosis (TB) drugs. As malnutrition occurs frequently among TB patients, we assessed the effect of malnutrition on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of total and protein-unbound rifampin during the intensive phase of TB treatment. In a descriptive pharmacokinetic study in Ban...

OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of SB4 (an etanercept biosimilar) with reference product etanercept (ETN) in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite methotrexate (MTX) therapy. METHODS This is a phase III, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study with a 24-week primary endpoint. Patients with moderate to severe RA despite MTX treatme...

OBJECTIVES Data suggest that some licensed antiretroviral doses could be reduced. We assessed the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir at doses of 400/100, 200/150 and 200/50 mg twice daily in HIV-negative volunteers (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00985543). METHODS Male and female volunteers were administered lopinavir/ritonavir at doses of 400/100 mg (two...

The dosage of antimicrobial agents from PK/PD analysis is now considered important for using these agents effectively and safely. In this paper, I will discuss the proper dosage of antimicrobial agents from the point of PK/PD analysis. I will also discuss the correlation between the safety profile and pharmacokinetic parameters of the agents. It is my hope that all pharmacists will understand t...

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolite M1 after intravenous and intramuscular administration to llamas. Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic whose efficacy is a result of complex interactions between opiate, adrenergic and serotonin receptor systems, has been used clinically to treat moderate to severe pain in humans. The pharmacokinetic...

Introduction There is growing evidence that pharmakokinetic parameters of commonly used antibiotics may not be optimal in the critically ill patients. Significant changes of pharmacokinetic parameters, including volume of distribution and clearance, could be expected. Recently, dose increases of antibiotics in the ICU have been advocated to maximise their antibacterial activity, especially when...

The effect of ethyl alcohol ingestion on tetracycline kinetics was studied in 9 healthy male volunteers. They received, on two separate occasions, 500 mg of tetracycline tablets given with water or with an alcoholic beverage. The antibiotic was assayed in plasma, using a HPLC method. Absorption and disposition parameters were calculated according to classical pharmacokinetic techniques for one ...

The aims of this study were to describe and compare the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of cephalexin (10 mg/kg) after its intravenous (i.v.) administration to five goats in three different physiological status: nonpregnant nonlactating (NPNL), pregnant (P) and nonpregnant lactating (L). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times, and plasma concentrations of cephalexin were measured...