This article provides detailed protocols for collecting pollen and outlines genetic crosses and phenotypic assays that are useful for characterizing mutants that affect pollen development.

Plants have evolved overlapping but distinct cellular responses to different aspects of high temperature stress. These responses include basal thermotolerance, short- and long-term acquired thermotolerance, and thermotolerance to moderately high temperatures. This 'thermotolerance diversity' means that multiple phenotypic assays are essential for fully describing the functions of genes involved...

fascioliasis is a worldwide parasitic disease in human and domestic animals. the causative agents of fascioliasis are fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica. in the recent years, fasciola resistance to drugs has been reported in the many of publications. fasciola spp has detoxification system including gst enzyme which may be responsible for its resistance. therefore , the aim of the study wa...

Thirty-one A. baumannii isolates were obtained from Shar and Burn hospitals in Sulaimani City, KRG-Iraq. Bacterial identification was confirmed by detecting both 16S rRNA blaOXA-51 genes. The detection of carbapenem resistant carried out using Kirby- Bauer, RAPDEC Carba NP combined disc assays. A high rate drug resistance observed, as 74.2% the multidrug-resistant (MDR) 38.7% extensively drug-r...

OBJECTIVES The use of rapid molecular assays for the detection of resistance to second-line drugs would significantly decrease the time delay in diagnosing drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) that is associated with conventional phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. In this study, multiplex allele-specific (MAS)-PCR assays designed to detect the GyrA D94G and rrs A1401G mutations were evaluated ...

Phenotypic assays using human primary cells are highly valuable tools for target discovery and validation in drug discovery. Expression knockdown (KD) of such targets in these assays allows the investigation of their role in models of disease processes. Therefore, efficient and fast modes of protein KD in phenotypic assays are required. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been shown to be a versatile an...

angiogenesis or formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is a key process in some physiological conditions such as wound healing, growth, and action of female reproductive organs. moreover, disturbance of the mechanisms of physiological angiogenesis has a role in pathogenesis of some diseases in the form of overproliferation of blood vessels such as cancers, psoriasis, arthri...