Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can use both grid-supplied electricity and liquid fuels. We show that under recent conditions, millions of PHEVs could have charged economically in California during both peak and off-peak hours even with modest gasoline prices and real-time electricity pricing. Special electricity rate tariffs already in place for electric vehicles could successfully re...

With the growing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) integrated into the power grid, a large number of onboard batteries need to be charged via the infrastructure such as dedicated charging station and the parking lots. In this paper, a control framework is proposed to manage the charging and discharging by using vehicle-to-grid technology. In order to analyze the effect of the PHEV chargi...

With the progressive exhaustion of fossil energy and the enhanced awareness of environmental protection, more attention is being paid to plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). Inappropriate siting and sizing of PHEV parking lots (PL) could have negative effects on the development of PHEV, the layout of the city traffic network, and the convenience of PHEVs’ drivers as well as lead to an incre...

Replacing a portion of current light duty vehicles (LDV) with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offers the possibility to reduce the dependence on petroleum fuels together with environmental and economic benefits. The charging activity of PHEVs will certainly introduce new load to the power grid. In the framework of the development of a smarter grid, the primary focus of the present stud...

The coming intersection between a growing electrified vehicle fleet and desired growth in renewable electricity generation presents an opportunity for synergistic value. Some types of renewable electricity generation are variable and intermittent and are rarely coincident with utility load patterns. Vehicles are typically parked 90% of the time, and the batteries are a significant capital inves...

Klebsiella sp. cause a wide range of human infections, particularly nosocomial septicaemia, pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Like other Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella are likely to possess plastic genomes comprised of core regions interspersed with horizontally acquired genomic islands. As phenylalanine tRNA genes are known to be occupied by islands in other Enterobacteriaceae, we utiliz...

This paper shows that EV range-extender (RXT) with a trailer will provide better mileage than the plug-in hybrid (PHEV) when an appropriate system is used. A weekly driving pattern is assumed to be: 30 km (6 days a week), 100 km (1 day a week). The RXT system made for this evaluation is composed of a pure BEV and a trailer with an electric generator. Japan 10-15 mode is used for the calculation...

background and objectives: enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) divided into two groups typical and atypical (aspect). the main virulence genes are located in a pathogenicity island called lee ( locus of enterocyte effacement ). lee frequently inserted in trna genes of selc , pheu and phev in the bacterial chromosome. tepec and aepec strains have some differences in their pathogenicity. the...

The optimization of energy control strategy is one the key technologies plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) to improve capabilities saving and emission reduction. In order fuel economy PHEV, adaptive equivalent minimum consumption (A-ECMS) proposed. Firstly, methods different strategies are analyzed, Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) theory selected optimize PHEV. Secondly, configuration PHEV re...