With genetically divergent cultivars and ecologically distinct wild progenitors, rice has posed a great challenge to the genetic and phylogenetic studies of the origin and evolution of crop species. A growing body of phylogenetic evidence suggested that the diverged genomic backgrounds of indica and japonica rice cultivars were derived independently from genetically distinct wild populations. H...

detection of mycoplasma synoviae (ms) by culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been reported from commercial chicken farms in different provinces of iran. in some reports the phylogenetic analysis of ms isolates based on 16s rrna and variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin (vlha) genes have been carried out. the pcr product containing partial 16s rrna genes of iranain isolates was sequence...

The "star paradox" in phylogenetics is the tendency for a particular resolved tree to be sometimes strongly supported even when the data is generated by an unresolved ("star") tree. There have been contrary claims as to whether this phenomenon persists when very long sequences are considered. This note settles one aspect of this debate by proving mathematically that the chance that a resolved t...

2 Kelchner, S.A. and Thomas, M.A. (2007) Model use in phylogenetics: nine key questions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 87–94 3 Posada, D. and Crandall, K. (1998) Model test: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14, 817–818 4 Goldman, N. (1993) Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution. J. Mol. Evol. 36, 182–198 5 Bollback, J.P. (2002) Bayesian model adequacy and choice in phylog...

Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analysis is the means of inferring or estimating these relationships. The evolutionary history inferred from phylogenetic analysis is usually depicted as branching, treelike diagrams that represent an estimated pedigree of the inherited relationships among molecules (''gene trees''), organisms, or both. Phylogenetics is some...

During the past few decades, phylogenetic analysis has become an important tool throughout biology for comparing information about genes, individuals, populations, and species. This information is usually in the form of morphological, behavioral or molecular data, and phylogenetic analysis is used to estimate the historical relationships among the genes or species, and to depict these relations...

phylogenetic analysis has shown that escherichia coli is composed of four main phylogenetic groups (a, b1, b2 and d). characterization of phylogenetic groups is of clinical interest, as group a and b1 generally associated with commensals, whereas most enteropathogenic isolates are assigned to group d, and group b2 is associated with extra-intestinal pathotype. one hundred e. coli strains recove...

Despite routine vaccination programs against Newcastle disease (ND), sporadic cases have occasionally occurred that remain a constant threat to commercial poultry. Ten isolates of Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) from infected broiler chicken cases were obtained from various locations in Fars province during 2009-2011 and genetically analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction...

conclusions results of the current study indicated that aconitase was not a suitable target to design new anti-fungal drugs that selectively block this enzyme. materials and methods candida krusei (atcc: 6258) aconitase gene was determined by 5’rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method and degenerate polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and analyzed using bioinformatics softwares. objectives th...