Endocytosis is a mechanism used by cells for uptake of macromolecules from extracellular fluid. The uptake may take place in specialized regions of the plasma membrane termed clathrincoated pits, but uptake outside these regions has been reported [1]. Macromolecules may be bound to receptors before uptake or may be present in the fluid phase of the forming endocytic vesicle. The proportion of f...

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials used overcome their infections. However, it is increasingly realized that many, probably most, such physiological roles are distinct from protection of administered by humans. Here we undertake a broad survey proteins involved, al...