Prediction of maximum local scour is necessary for the safety and economical design of the bridges. A number of equations have been developed over the years to predict local scour depth using laboratory data and a few pier equations have also been proposed using field data. Most of these equations are empirical in nature as indicated by the past publications. In this paper attempts have been ma...

Experimental proof is provided of an unconventional seismic design concept, which is based on deliberately underdesigning shallow foundations to promote intense rocking oscillations and thereby to dramatically improve the seismic resilience of structures. Termed rocking isolation, this new seismic design philosophy is investigated through a series of dynamic centrifuge experiments on properly s...

The behavior and design of four-legged controlled rocking bridge steel truss piers to three components of seismic excitation are presented in this paper. The controlled rocking approach for seismic protection allows a pier to uplift from its base, limiting the force demands placed on the bridge pier and deck, and can allow the structure to remain elastic during an earthquake, preventing damage ...

Braced piers of steel truss bridges having braces with latticed built-up cross-sections may su er significant damage during earthquakes due to the buckling, rapid strength degradation, and fracture of the braces. One retro t alternative for such a bridge pier is to supplement the existing structural system with a system of energy dissipation devices (or structural fuses) that will yield and dis...

In this study, a new procedure to determine the optimum dimensions for a rectangular collar to minimize the temporal trend of scouring around a pier model is proposed. Unlike previous methods of predicting collar dimensions around a bridge pier, the proposed approach concerns the selection of different collar dimension sizes around a bridge scour in terms of the flume's upstream (Luc/D), downst...

Fleas can transmit Yersinia pestis by two mechanisms, early-phase transmission (EPT) and biofilm-dependent transmission (BDT). Transmission efficiency varies among flea species and the results from different studies have not always been consistent. One complicating variable is the species of rodent blood used for the infectious blood meal. To gain insight into the mechanism of EPT and the effec...

1. Spellberg B. Dr. William H. Stewart: mistaken or maligned? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:294. 2. The Office of the Public Health Service Historian. Frequently asked questions. 7 December 2004. Available at: http://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/ apdb/phsHistory/faqs.html. Accessed 2 September 2008. 3. Burnet FM. Viruses. Sci Am 1951; 184:43–51 4. Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler L, eds. Immunology, infection and ...

level 3 studies, which meet none of the evidence criteria for that study type or are derived from expert opinion, commentary, or consensus. Study types and criteria are defined at http://smartmedicine.acponline.org/criteria.html Disclaimer: The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgement and does not represent an official position of the American Coll...

level 3 studies, which meet none of the evidence criteria for that study type or are derived from expert opinion, commentary, or consensus. Study types and criteria are defined at http://smartmedicine.acponline.org/criteria.html Disclaimer: The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgement and does not represent an official position of the American Coll...

As part of the restructuring of the electricity industry in many states, public benefits funding has emerged as a primary mechanism for supporting social benefits such as energy efficiency and research and development (RD). In California, a Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program was established to "conduct public interest energy research that seeks to improve the quality of life for Cal...