Nomenclature C = chord length, m C T = thrust coefficient f = flapping frequency, Hz h tip = plunge amplitude at the wing tip, m k = ωC∕U ∞ , reduced frequency l span = wingspan, m Re = U ∞ C∕ν, Reynolds number r z = z-directional distance away from the wing tip, m S wing = wing area, m 2 St = fh tip ∕U ∞ , Strouhal number U ∞ = freestream velocity, m∕s ν = kinematic viscosity of fluid, m 2 ∕s ...

The cosmic noise absorption (CNA) is compared with the precipitating electron flux for 19 events observed in the morning sector, using the high-resolution data obtained during the conjugate observations with the imaging riometer at Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR; 65.11 N, 147.42 W), Alaska, and the low-altitude satellite, NOAA 12. We estimate the CNA, using the precipitating electron flux meas...

Kinetic wave-particle interactions in Earth’s outer radiation belt energize and scatter high-energy electrons, playing an important role the dynamic variation of extent intensity belt. It is possible to model effects across long length time scales using quasi-linear theory, leading a Fokker-Planck equation describe waves on high energy electrons. This powerful theory renders efficacy interactio...