azotobacter is a gram negative, aerobe, chemo-organotroph with the, polymorphism including rod, cocci and ovoid forms. this bacterium belongs to gama-proteobacteria class, pseudomonaceae family with 7 species. it cannot produce spores but forms cyst. azotobacters’species lives in different regions from tropicals to poplars in ph 3-9. however, it can be fined mainly in alkaline and natural soils...

Modulation of phytohormones homeostasis is one of the proposed mechanisms to explain plant growth promotion induced by beneficial rhizobacteria (PGPR). However, there is still limited knowledge about the molecular signals and pathways underlying these beneficial interactions. Even less is known concerning the interplay between phytohormones in plants inoculated with PGPR. Auxin and ethylene are...

Plant growth studies involve seed germination studies and this depends on storage viability and dormancy aspects besides essential requirements and factors for the same. Of the various factors regulations plant growth and developmental processes intrinsic factors play a significant role. Plant hormones are chemicals that regulate plant growth. These occur in extremely low concentrations and inf...

The work is devoted to the computational algorithm for a problem of plant growth. The plant is represented as a system of connected intervals corresponding to branches. We compute the concentration distributions inside the branches. The originality of the problem is that the geometry of the plant is not a priori given. It evolves in time depending on the concentrations of plant hormones found a...

A better understanding of the development and architecture of roots is essential to develop strategies to increase crop yield and optimize agricultural land use. Roots control nutrient and water uptake, provide anchoring and mechanical support and can serve as important storage organs. Root growth and development is under tight genetic control and modulated by developmental cues including plant...

The growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) can be used to induce dormant bud structures (turions) in the duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza L. In this paper we show that during this process, ABA rapidly induces elevated levels of mRNA transcripts encoding a novel basic peroxidase. In addition, we show that in the presence of the cytokinin kinetin the maintained increase is attenuated. Kinetin not only...

Each of the nontraditional plant hormones reviewed in this article, oligosaccharins, brassinolides, and JA, can exert major effects on plant growth and development. However, in many cases, the mechanisms by which these compounds are involved in the endogenous regulation of morphogenesis remain to be established. Nevertheless, the use of mutant or transgenic plants with altered levels or percept...

Phytohormones are important plant growth regulators that control many developmental processes, such as cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and morphogenesis. They regulate a multitude of apparently unrelated physiological processes, often with overlapping roles, and they mutually modulate their effects. These features imply important synergistic and antagonistic interactions betw...

Plant hormones are small-molecule signaling compounds that are collectively involved in all aspects of plant growth and development. Unlike animals, plants actively regulate the spatial distribution of several of their hormones. For example, auxin transport results in the formation of auxin maxima that have a key role in developmental patterning. However, the spatial distribution of the other p...

Plant species that bear fruit often utilize expansion of an ovary (carpel) or accessory tissue as a vehicle for seed dispersal. While the seed(s) develop, the tissue(s) of the fruit follow a common progression of cell division and cell expansion, promoting growth of the fruit. Once the seed is fully developed, the fruit matures and the surrounding tissue either dries or ripens promoting the dis...