A rectus sheath block can provide postoperative analgesia for midline incisions. However, information regarding the pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics used in this block is lacking. In this study, we detail the time course of ropivacaine concentrations after this block. Thirty-nine patients undergoing elective lower abdominal surgery were assigned to 3 groups receiving rectus sheath block wi...

The control of ion energy and angular distributions (IEADs) is critically important for anisotropic etching or deposition in microelectronic fabrication processes. With single frequency capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs), the narrowing in angle and spread in energy of ions as they cross the sheath are definable functions of frequency, sheath width, and mean free path. With increases in wafer s...

A plasma diagnostic technique for measuring the electron density, electron temperature, and ion current near a surface in radio frequency ~rf! discharges is proposed. The sensor uses a small wire probe to determine the plasma potential and a small metal electrode to measure the current and voltage profiles. The values of current, sheath voltage, and time derivative of sheath voltage at three di...

Abstract The ITER NBI requires H - /D beamlets with a low divergence, to maximize the transmitted power through beamline. Ion extraction and beamlet formation are typically studied gun-type codes such as IBSimu, which do not treat plasma explicitly. These neglect many physical processes, surface production of negative ions, particle drifts in result magnetic fields, sheath at surfaces. 3D PIC s...

The understanding of ion dynamics in plasma applications has received significant attention. In this study, we examined these effects between He and Ar species, focusing on the flux substrate. To control heterogeneous collisions, varied addition rate at fixed chamber pressure Ar/He ratio an inductively coupled source. Throughout experiments, maintained electron density bulk potential as a const...

Effects on the communication signals caused by the time-varying plasma sheath surrounding hypersonic vehicles are investigated. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, Demetriades’s plasma turbulence model and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm, amplitude variation and phase fluctuation induced by plasma electron density turbulence are obtained, and their statistical pro...

A study has been made of additional factors describing plasma-boundary interactions. The theoretical analysis of the sheath has been extended to include a transverse plasma flow outside the sheath region. The sheath model has been made more general, and also reveals the importance of the accommodation coefficients at the boundary surface. The presence of ionization and collisions in the sheath ...

We study the propagation of lower-hybrid-type resonance cones in a tenuous magnetized plasma, and, in particular, their interaction with, and reflection from, the plasma sheath near a conducting wall. The sheath is modeled as a vacuum gap whose width is given by the Child-Langmuir law. The application of interest is when the resonance cones are launched (parasitically) by an ion-cyclotron radio...

A study has been made of additional factors describing plasma-boundary interactions. The theoretical analysis of the sheath has been extended to include a transverse plasma flow outside the sheath region. The sheath model has been made more general, and also reveals the importance of the accommodation coefficients at the boundary surface. The presence of ionization and collisions in the sheath ...