Reinforced earth (RE) walls work as gravity-retaining structures which these composite rely on the self-weight of reinforced soil mass to resist lateral loads from pressure, surcharges vehicles, earthquakes, and water pressure. The type compacted backfill material at zone reinforcement length that was designed constructed has a capability form reinforced-soil provides sufficient stabilize overa...

Baghdad Metro is a vital project to fulfill the rapidly increased traffic volume requirements. The proposed metro will connect both sides of City, passing under Tigris River. This study employed finite elements software (PLAXIS 3D) evaluate seepage force developed around sub-river segment during different construction stages and for other water levels Tigris. found that when level changes from ...

Stone columns are being used to reduce soft soil settlement and increase load-carrying capacity. Since there is inadequate lateral support from the local native soil, undergoes excessive under vertical loading. This issue effectively resolved by suitably encasing stone column material geosynthetic with significant axial stiffness, which provides required additional confinement reported in liter...

Purpose. This work aims to study the tunnel face stability (Algiers subway Tunnel) and evaluate common numerical procedures that are used for analyzing stability. Two-dimensional (2D) three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) modeling using PLAXIS programs. Methodology. Tunneling is executed by NATM method; two types of calculations used. The first one done reducing applied pressure until coll...