Antibodies were raised in rats against the poliovirus type 1 capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. Antibodies directed against VP1 from type 1 poliovirus (Mahoney) neutralized type 1 but not type 2 poliovirus. Antibodies raised against VP2 and VP3 failed to neutralize type 1 virus. Thus, VP1 appears to be a neutralizing antigen for poliovirus and in its denatured form presents to the immune syste...

Sua'mmary The current understanding of the function of CD4 + T helper (Th) cells in immunity to infectious diseases is that Thl cells, which secrete interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-3,, induce cellular immune responses, whereas Th2 cells, which secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, provide helper function for humoral immunity. We have used a panel of poliovirus-specific murine CD4 + T cell clon...

The emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains in suboptimally vaccinated populations is a serious threat to the global poliovirus eradication. The genetic determinants for the transmissibility phenotype of polioviruses, and in particularly of cVDPV strains, are currently unknown. Here we describe the fecal excretion of wild-type poliovirus, oral polio vaccine, and cVDP...

Because circulation of wild poliovirus in the region has been interrupted, the only known sources of wild poliovirus remaining are within the region’s laboratories. These laboratories may store specimens from known poliomyelitis cases or store other materials that are potentially infected with wild poliovirus (Box 1). Therefore, the task of poliomyelitis eradication will not be complete until a...

Systematic environmental surveillance for poliovirus circulation has been conducted in Egypt since 2000. The surveillance has revealed three independent importations of wild-type poliovirus. In addition, several vaccine-derived polioviruses have been detected in various locations in Egypt. In addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, environmental surveillance can be used to monit...

The Division of Vaccine-Preventable Disease Control and National Immunization Program of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has prepared a plan of action as a guide for key actions that will be taken if a poliovirus outbreak occurs in the Republic of Korea. The history of poliomyelitis and vaccination against poliovirus in the nation was reviewed and the routine surveillance p...

The “endgame” for worldwide poliomyelitis eradication will entail eventual cessation of the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in all countries to prevent the reintroduction of vaccine-derived polioviruses—exposing some populations to an unprecedented, albeit low, risk of poliovirus outbreaks. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is likely to play a large part in post-OPV management of poliov...

Infection of human cells with poliovirus induces the proliferation of double-membraned cytoplasmic vesicles whose surfaces are used as the sites of viral RNA replication and whose origin is unknown. Here, we show that several hallmarks of cellular autophagosomes can be identified in poliovirus-induced vesicles, including colocalization of LAMP1 and LC3, the human homolog of Saccharomyces cerevi...

The restricted tissue tropism observed in poliovirus infection is not governed solely by the expression of the poliovirus receptor (PVR) gene, but might be controlled at stages beyond virus entry, such as translation, replication, or assembly. Translation of poliovirus RNA by a cap-independent mechanism requires interactions of the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) with cell proteins. To determine...

The "endgame" for worldwide poliomyelitis eradication will entail eventual cessation of the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in all countries to prevent the reintroduction of vaccine-derived polioviruses--exposing some populations to an unprecedented, albeit low, risk of poliovirus outbreaks. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is likely to play a large part in post--OPV management of poli...