Darwin observed that multiple, lowly organized, rudimentary, or exaggerated structures show increased relative variability. However, the cellular basis for these laws has never been investigated. Some animals, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, are famous for having organs that possess the same number of cells in all individuals, a property known as eutely. But for most multicellular ...

4 Power-Laws of the Internet 8 4.1 Rank power-law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2 Degree power-law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.3 Eigen power-law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.4 The doubts and settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.5 Network analysis before power-laws . . . . . . . . . . ...

I propose a new measure of common, time-varying tail risk for large cross sections of stock returns. Stock return tails are described by a power law in which the power law exponent is allowed to transition smoothly through time as a function of recent data. It is motivated by asset pricing theory and is estimable via quasi-maximum likelihood. Estimates indicate substantial time variation in sto...

Power law cumulative number-size distributions are widely used to describe the scaling properties of data sets and to establish scale invariance. We derive the relationships between the scaling exponents of non-cumulative and cumulative number-size distributions for linearly binned and logarithmically binned data. Cumulative number-size distributions for data sets of many natural phenomena exhi...

The combined effect of non-Newtonian rheology and irreversible boundary reaction on dispersion in a Herschel-Bulkley fluid through a conduit (pipe/channel) is studied by using generalized dispersion model. The study explains the development of dispersive transport following the injection of a tracer in terms of three effective transport coefficients namely exchange, convective and dispersion co...

In this paper, the general solution of steady-state two-dimensional non-axisymmetric mechanical and thermal stresses and mechanical displacements of a hollow thick cylinder made of fluid-saturated functionally graded porous material (FGPM) is presented. The general form of thermal and mechanical boundary conditions is considered on the inside and outside surfaces. A direct method is used to sol...