Freud proposed that the processes which occurred in the primal horde are essential for understanding superego formation and therefore, the successful dissolution of the Oedipus complex. However, Freud theorized superego formation in the primal horde as if it is an instant, all-or-none achievement. The present paper proposes an alternative model aiming to explain gradual development of superego ...

Well preserved bodies dating from the prehistoric era to the 19th century have been found across northwestern Europe; specifically in the peat bogs of Ireland, Great Britain and Denmark. These discoveries were especially prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when mass peat extraction was at its height. Many of these finds have been dated to the Iron Age and have previously been at...

The study of prehistoric mapping in Europe and its borderlands, as in other continents, requires a new beginning. In the past scholars have been handicapped not only by a severe shortage of evidence but also by misguided attitudes toward the intellectual capacity of early man. In addition, they have failed to consider either the diagnostic characteristics of prehistoric maps or the principles t...

Human modification of natural landscapes has influenced surface processes in many settings on Earth. Quantitative data comparing the distribution and behavior of geologic phenomena before and after human arrival are sparse but urgently required to evaluate possible anthropogenic influences on geologic hazards. We conduct field and imagery-based mapping, statistical analysis, and numerical model...

On the surface, the purpose of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) is straightforward. Contemporary practice requires a standard “catalogue” of mental disorders, with each disorder defined conceptually, and criteria for formal diagnosis set forth. This chapter explores the development of the DS...

nature has great importance on prehistoric human life and attention to the environment and discovering mysteries of life which influence their life, always have been considered as concerns of prehistoric people. the elements such as water, wind and earth for primary human were important elements because of no awareness of environment in primary stages of sedentary life. human beings always trie...