The method currently recommended by the ITU-R for the prediction of rain attenuation in terrestrial line-of sight links considers an equivalent path length over which the rain intensity is assumed to be constant. In other methods, the spatial and temporal variations of the rainfall rate along the path are characterized by an effective rainfall rate that is dependent on the actual path length. B...

Sapping caused by prevailing wind erosion is one of the most significant factors in deterioration earthen sites located Datong County, Qinghai Province, China. Long-term effects may cause surface erosion, or even serious damage to Great Wall Ming Dynasty. Difference sapping quantity should be attributed variability directions. To better understand direction on meteorological data study area for...

Meticulous planning is required to minimize heat-stress conditions in barns. The objective of this study was to determine optimum barn characteristics for high-yielding dairy cows under Israeli (Mediterranean) summer ambient conditions, by using a new stress model that takes ambient temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity into account. During the summers of 2004 and 2005, three meteoro...

Wildfires are a major concern in Argentinian northwestern Patagonia and in many ecosystems and human societies around the world. We developed an efficient cellular automata model in Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) to simulate fire propagation. The graphical advantages of GPUs were exploited by overlapping wind direction, as well as vegetation, slope, and aspect maps, taking into account relevan...

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of relative rotation direction on the wake interferences among two tandemwind turbines models. While the oncoming flow conditions were kept in constant during the experiments, turbine power outputs, wind loads acting on the turbines, and wake characteristics behind the turbines were compared quantitatively with turbine models in eit...

An L-band geophysical model function is developed using Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. First, we estimate the SAR system noise, which has been a serious problem peculiar to the JERS-1 SAR. It is found that the system noise has a feature common in all the SAR images and that the azimuth-averaged profile of noise can be expressed as a parabolic ...

Offshore wind farm cluster effects between neighboring wind farms increase rapidly with the large-scale deployment of offshore wind turbines. The wind farm wakes observed from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) are sometimes visible and atmospheric and wake models are here shown to convincingly reproduce the observed very long wind farm wakes. The present study mainly focuses on wind farm wake clim...