A direct and an efficient conversion of a wide range of primary, secondary even tertiary alcohols to the corresponding iodides have been achieved under ionic liquid conditions. The method involves preparation of ionic liquid-based iminium chloride intermediate from DMF-like ionic liquid then stirring it with alcohol in present of sodium iodide. The higher yields of alkyl iodides were obtained w...

The influence of water-miscible alcohols (methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and t-butyl alcohol) on the isomerization of glucose to fructose and mannose was investigated under subcritical aqueous conditions (180-200 °C). Primary and secondary alcohols promoted the conversion and isomerization of glucose to afford fructose and mannose with high and low selectivity, respectively. On the other han...

BACKGROUND: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 supports integration of substance abuse interventions and treatments into the mainstream health care system. Thus, effective screening and intervention for substance use disorders in health care settings is a priority. OBJECTIVE: This paper reviews the prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders (abuse or dependence) in primar...

OBJECTIVE To provide primary care physicians with evidence-based information and advice on the screening and assessment of at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD). A companion article outlines the management of at-risk drinking and AUD. SOURCES OF INFORMATION We conducted a nonsystematic literature review, using search terms on primary care, AUD, alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse, alc...

alcohol directly affects astroglial cell function, including inflammation-related activity.  and it also affects microglial cell development and function in specific ways that interfere with microglial interactions with the immune system and with neurons. neuroinflammatory processes might be involved in alcohol-induced brain damage. alcohol use, misuse and getting used to it causes different ki...

Background Despite frequent primary care visits, older veterans may have unmet behavioral health needs regarding alcohol misuse. Identification of alcohol misuse and referral of older veterans seen in primary care to behavioral health care can decrease at-risk drinking and assist in determining effective interventions for older veterans with problem drinking. This study examined the effect of i...

Background: There has been increasing emphasis on the role of primary health care in the prevention and management of alcoholrelated harm. The aim of this study was to determine attitudes to and management of alcohol problems in general practice in rural South Africa. Methods: A total of 61 general practitioners (GPs) were interviewed with the aid of a structured questionnaire (response rate 50...

New Zealand has a high level of acute alcohol-related harm compared with other countries. In the most recent alcohol use survey, 61.6% of New Zealand drinkers aged 16-64 years reported heavy episodic drinking at least once in a 12-month period, and 12.6% reported weekly heavy episodic drinking. There is substantial multinational evidence, and growing New Zealand evidence, showing that alcohol s...

Problem alcohol use is associated with adverse health and economic outcomes, especially among people in opioid agonist treatment. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) are effective in reducing alcohol use; however, issues involved in SBIRT implementation among opioid agonist patients are unknown. To assess identification and treatment of alcohol use disorders, we rev...